Unit 1: Introduction to Speech Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Anatomy
answer
The study of the structure of organisms and the relation of their parts.
question
Physiology
answer
The study of the function of living organisms or their parts.
question
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
answer
Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function together.
question
Anatomy Specializations
answer
Anatomy is a vast discipline that includes large things like bones and very small things like cells and cell organelles, there are a number of specializations.
question
Systemic Anatomy
answer
Considers the body as a composition of a number of distinct systems, each with relatively homogeneous tissue and/or function. (Different systems of the body, divided up by their function)
question
Regional/Topographical Anatomy
answer
Considers the relations between structures that are within a region of the body. (Looks at regions of the body, such as upper extremities, and what is there)
question
Clinical/Applied Anatomy
answer
Concerned with the study of anatomy that has relevance for practical sciences such as medicine, surgery, or speech pathology. (Uses background knowledge of anatomy for determining normalcy of patients/clients)
question
Radiologic Anatomy
answer
The study of anatomy revealed through imaging techniques. Imaging techniques allow the investigation of non-visible parts without harming or killing the organism. (Examining the body using radiology)
question
Microscopic Anatomy
answer
Concerned with the structure that cannot be seen with the naked eye (in contrast to gross or large anatomy). This will include cytology and histology. This involves the use of microscopes of various types (light, polarized light, electron, etc.)
question
Cytology
answer
The study of cells and their parts.
question
Histology
answer
The study of body tissues.
question
Developmental Anatomy/Embryology
answer
Deals with the growth and development of an organism. (Anatomy is dynamic and changes during development)
question
Pathologic Anatomy/Pathology
answer
Concerned with the effect of disease on anatomical structure. These may include gross or microscopic changes.
question
Comparative Anatomy
answer
The study of structure across more than one species. (Compare the tongue of a human to the tongue of a frog)
question
Anthropological Anatomy
answer
The anatomical study of persons in history or across race and ethnicity. (Anatomical changes over time.
question
Physiology Disciplines
answer
Physiology is a broad discipline, which includes many specializations.
question
Cellular Physiology
answer
How cells operate.
question
Systems Physiology
answer
How do systems work.
question
Pathophysiology
answer
What happens when things go wrong.
question
Physiology of Larger Bodily Systems
answer
Neurophysiology, respiratory physiology
question
Why is it helpful to study anatomy and physiology together?
answer
Because we want to understand why people and their bodies operate, behave, and react the way they do. To understand how, when and to what degree we can move behaviors from some disordered, undesirable state, to some ordered state, more easily tolerated by clients and their communities.
question
Why is it important to have a coordinate system for the purpose of anatomical description?
answer
We learn anatomical terminology so that we can communicate with other health professionals. A coordinate system is important to have because it allows us to describe where body parts are, and parts of parts, are with respect to one another.
question
Spherical/Polar Coordinate System
answer
The position of an object is defined in terms of a distance from a central point or origin, and 2 angels of inclination or deflection. (Two angles and a length).
question
Cartesian Coordinate System
answer
The position of any object is defined in terms of 3 displacements from some point of origin, along mutually orthogonal axes. (Like using x, y, and z coordinates.
question
How are the spherical and Cartesian coordinate systems similar.
answer
Both systems are 3 dimensional reference-frame options.
question
What is the standard anatomical position of the body?
answer
Body erect; face, chest, palms forward.
question
What are the three anatomical planes used to "slice" the body?
answer
Mid-Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse (Horizontal)
question
Sagittal Plane
answer
Divides the body into right (dextral) and left (sinistral) halves.
question
Mid-Sagittal Plane
answer
Refers to a specific plan, which is the midline between the right and left.
question
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
answer
Divides the body into the front (anterior) and the back (posterior) parts.
question
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
answer
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.
question
Ventral (Anterior)
answer
Toward the front of the body.
question
Dorsal (Posterior)
answer
Away from the front of the body.
question
Superficial (external)
answer
Toward the surface of the body.
question
Deep (Internal)
answer
Away from the surface.
question
Superior
answer
Upper
question
Inferior
answer
Lower
question
Rostral (Cranial)
answer
Toward the head.
question
Caudal
answer
Toward the tail.
question
Medial
answer
Toward the axis or midline.
question
Lateral
answer
Away from the axis or midline.
question
Proximal
answer
Toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity.
question
Distal
answer
Away from the body or away from the root of a free extremity.
question
Central
answer
Pertaining to or situated in the center.
question
Peripheral
answer
Toward the outward surface or part.
question
Dextral
answer
Right
question
Sinistral
answer
Left
question
What are the levels of organization from atoms to the organism?
answer
(Aunt Crystal Took Out Some Oreos) Atoms, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism
question
Atoms, Molecules, Ions
answer
Atoms are the building blocks of matter; they are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bind together into molecules. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions are the building blocks of cells.
question
Cells
answer
The smallest biological unit that is considered living. Very small and numerous. Cells are living and have a life span. Self-contained unit, living, can reproduce, self-regulated, combines to make tissues.
question
Tissues
answer
Cells and intercellular material combine to produce a functional arrangement, it is a tissue. Organization of cells.
question
What is the study of cells?
answer
Cytology
question
What is the study of tissues?
answer
Histology
question
What are the four main types of tissues?
answer
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
question
Organs/Tissue Aggregates
answer
When two or more tissues combine to produce a functional unit, it is termed an organ.
question
Systems
answer
a system refers to a complex, organism-wide functional arrangement of organs/tissue aggregates.
question
Organisms
answer
a functioning system of interdependent parts that make up a living thing/creature.
question
Epithelial Tissue
answer
covers bodily tissue; has scarcity of intercellular material; the outside of the body is covered with epithelial tissue (skin)
question
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
answer
Epithelial proper (covers outside of body, skin), Endothelial (covers inner surface of body that is exposed to the environment, stomach, lungs), Mesothelial (covers body cavities, thoracic and abdominal cavities)
question
Connective Tissue
answer
provides structural support for an organism; has a lot of intercellular material referred to as extracellular matrix.
question
What are types of connective tissue?
answer
Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue, apipose tissue aka fat); dense connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, fascia); Special connective tissue (cartilage, bone); Vascular tissue (lymphatic tissue and blood)
question
Muscle Tissue
answer
Tissue that has the capacity to generate force through contraction of tissue elements, aka contractile tissue.
question
What are the three categories of muscle tissue?
answer
Striated, cardiac, smooth
question
Striated muscle
answer
associated with voluntary movement
question
Smooth muscle
answer
associated with involuntary movement
question
cardiac muscle
answer
heart muscle
question
Nervous Tissue
answer
specialized tissue designed to generate, propagate and transmit electrochemical signals, used for bodily communication
question
Skeletal system*
answer
tissues - bone and cartilage relevant for communication
question
articular system*
answer
joints and ligaments relevant for communication
question
Muscular system*
answer
muscle and tendons relevant for communication
question
Nervous System*
answer
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and sense organs relevant for communication
question
Respiratory System*
answer
air passages and lungs relevant for communication
question
Digestive system*
answer
digestive tract and associated glands and organs relevant for communication
question
Cardiovascular System/Circulatory System*
answer
heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system relevant for communication
question
Reproductive system
answer
genital tracts
question
Endocrine system
answer
ductless glands of the body
question
urinary system
answer
kidneys and urinary passages
question
Integumentary system
answer
skin, nails, hair
question
What is the role of the circulatory system and its major function?
answer
Circulates blood, provides oxygen to the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide; controls blood flow through the body; provide bodily fuel and gets rid of bodily waste
question
Artery
answer
takes blood away from the heart; thick, firm walls that contain connective and smooth muscle
question
Arteriole
answer
very small arteries
question
Capillaries/Capillary Beds
answer
small microscopic vessels that communicate between small arteries (arteriole) and very small veins (venules)
question
Venule
answer
very small veins
question
Veins
answer
returns blood to heart; thinner with less connective and muscle tissue
question
Pulmonary Circuit
answer
Right side of heart, transports oxygen depleted blood from body through the right side of the heart (R artium and R ventricle) to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries; carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is diffused into the blood
question
Systemic Circuit
answer
From the left atrium the now oxygen rich blood is sent to the left ventricle and is pumped out the aorta to be distributed to the capillaries of the entire body. Blood in the capillaries losses it's oxygen to the surrounding tissues, picks up CO2 and is sent back to the right atrium.
question
Describe how blood makes its full circulation through the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
answer
Left ventricle to systemic arterial system (arteries, carries O2 rich blood) to capillary bed to venous system (veins) to right atrium to right ventricle (to lungs to get new CO2 and get rid of CO2) to pulmonary artery to pulmonary capillary bed to pulmonary veins to left atrium to left ventricle
question
What are other circuits
answer
renal and GI circuit
question
What are the two nervous cells
answer
The neuron and glia
question
What is a neuron?
answer
a nerve cell, function is communication of the nervous system
question
What is Glia?
answer
considered a support cell, more plethoric than than neurons
question
What are the major types of glial cells?
answer
Schwann Cells - provides myelin in the PNS Oligodendrocytes - provides myelin in the CNS Astrocytes - provides a physical blood-brain barrier
question
What are the functions of Glia?
answer
Nervous System structural integrity; blood-brain barrier; janitorial services; myelination; neuronal migration and axon growth during development; possibly communication like neurons
question
What are the major types of a neuron?
answer
Axon, axon terminal, myelin sheath, some/cell body, and dendrites.
question
What are the different types of morphology of neurons?
answer
Bipolar, multipolar, unipolar
question
What is the organizational framework of the nervous system?
answer
CNS - brain and spinal cord PNS - (brain) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system (sympathetic system, parasympathetic system)
question
Ganglia
answer
clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
question
Nuclei/Nucleus
answer
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS/spinal cord
question
Nerves
answer
bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS that has functional unity, bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
question
Plexus
answer
intermingling of nerves, a network of nerves
question
afferent neurons
answer
carries sensory nerve impulses to the CNS
question
efferent neurons
answer
carries sensory nerve impulses away form the CNS (exits)
question
Interneuron
answer
a short nerve cell in the CNS that connects the nerve cells in a reflex arc, such as sensory nerve to a motor nerve
question
Sensory Nerves
answer
transmits sensory information
question
Motor Nerves
answer
information to muscle for motor movement
question
Mixed nerves
answer
motor and sensory nerves bundled together
question
Somatic vs. Autonomic
answer
Somatic = body, conscious voluntary behavior Autonomic = unconscious, involuntary behavior, performs bodily functions
question
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
answer
Sympathetic = alerting reactions, fight or flight Parasympathetic - calming reactions
question
What are the different types of sensory neurons aka afferent neurons?
answer
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors
question
Mechanoreceptors
answer
mechanical info to neural info, relay info about movement and where the body is in space
question
Thermoreceptors
answer
temperature; signals temperature and its changes
question
Chemoreceptors
answer
light, responds to light
question
Motor Neuron
answer
a nerve cell (neuron) that conveys nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem away from the CNS toward a muscle or gland, aka an efferent neuron
question
How does an efferent/motor neuron differ from other neurons?
answer
It refers to motor fibers that conduct excitatory impulses out to striated muscle
question
Spinal Nerves
answer
In PNS, 31 spinal nerves, nerves that leave or enter the spinal cord, has own # and letter corresponding to regions of the spin its from
question
Cranial Nerves
answer
12 pairs of nerves rising from the brain
question
Cervical Nerves
answer
C1-8
question
Thoracic Nerves
answer
T1-12
question
Lumbar Nerves
answer
L1-5
question
Sacral Nerves
answer
S1-5
question
Coccygeal
answer
Coccygeal nerve
question
Cranial Nerves
answer
I - XII
question
Olfactory
answer
I
question
Optic
answer
II
question
Oculomotor
answer
III
question
Trochlear
answer
IV
question
Trigeminal*
answer
V, speech, mixed nerve
question
Abducens
answer
VI
question
Facial*
answer
VII, speech, mixed nerve
question
Auditory*
answer
VIII, hearing, sensory
question
Glossopharyngeal*
answer
IX, speech, mixed nerve
question
Vagus*
answer
X, speech, mixed nerve
question
Spinal/Accesory*
answer
XI, speech, motor nerve
question
Hypoglossal*
answer
XII, speech, motor nerve
question
Function of muscular system?
answer
muscle is the motor that causes all movement within the body.
question
Striated muscle
answer
voluntary, also known as skeletal or stripped
question
Smooth muscle
answer
involuntary
question
Cardiac Muscle
answer
heart muscle
question
Gross Structure of a Muscle
answer
Meaty belly wrapped in a membrane (fascia) called epimysium, attached to bone or cartilage at each of the two ends by a tendon.
question
Muscle Belly
answer
the meaty belly main part of a muscle
question
tendon
answer
connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
question
origin
answer
least amount of mobility proximal, middle of the body
question
insertion
answer
more mobile, distal, peripheral
question
line of action
answer
geometric line drawn through a muscle's points of origin and insertion
question
Contraction
answer
muscle shortens in length, refers to the situation of a muscle, and the generation of force by a muscle
question
Isometric contraction
answer
produce force, but no change in length
question
anisometric contraction
answer
produce force and shortening of muscle length
question
agonist
answer
muscle that causes a specific movement
question
antagonist
answer
a muscle that opposes a contraction of another muscle
question
synergist
answer
A muscle in conjunction with another muscle to aid in movement, multiple muscle that share a similar action
question
sarcomere
answer
a segment of myofibril in striated muscle
question
myofibril
answer
small filaments that makes up muscle fibers
question
muscle fiber
answer
subdivision of the fasciculus, wrapped in endomysium
question
fascicle
answer
muscle belly separates into bundles of fibers that are wrapped in perimysium membrane
question
belly
answer
the muscle itself, covered in the epimysium membrane
question
sliding filament theory
answer
theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.
question
Length-tension relationship
answer
the relationship between the amount of tension generated by a muscle dependent on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated
