Medical Terminology – Ch 2 – The Human Body in Health & Disease – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
aden/o
answer
Gland (word root w/ combining form)
question
adip/o
answer
Fat (word root w/ combining form)
question
anter/o
answer
Before, Front (word root w/ combining form)
question
caud/o
answer
Lower part of the body, Tail (word root w/ combining form)
question
cephal/o
answer
Head (word root w/ combining form)
question
cyt/o
answer
Cell (word root w/ combining form)
question
- cyte
answer
Cell (suffix)
question
end -
answer
In, Within, Inside (prefix)
question
endo -
answer
In, Within, Inside (prefix)
question
exo -
answer
Out of, Outside, Away from (prefix)
question
- ist
answer
Specialist, One who studies, Practitioner (suffix)
question
hist/o
answer
Tissue (word root w/ combining form)
question
histi/o
answer
Tissue (word root w/ combining form)
question
- ologist
answer
Specialist, One who studies, Practitioner of (suffix)
question
- ology
answer
The science of, The study of (suffix)
question
path/o
answer
Disease, Suffering, Feeling, Emotion (word root w/ combining form)
question
- pathy
answer
Disease, Suffering, Feeling, Emotion (suffix)
question
plas/i
answer
Development, Growth, Formation (prefix)
question
plas/o
answer
Development, Growth, Formation (word root w/ combining form)
question
- plasia
answer
Devlopment, Growth, Formation (suffix)
question
poster/o
answer
Behind, Toward the back (word root w/ combining form)
question
- stasis
answer
Control, Equilibrium, Maintenance of a constant level (suffix)
question
- static
answer
Control, Equilibrium, Maintenance of a constant level (suffix)
question
anatomic reference systems
answer
Systems used to describe locations of the structural units of the body. Anatomical reference systems include: (a) Body Planes (b) Body Directions (c) Body Cavities (d) Structural Units
question
anatomy
answer
The study of the structures of the body.
question
physiology
answer
The study of the functions of the structures of the body.
question
vertical plane
answer
An up-and-down plane that that runs perpendicular (at a right angle) to the horizon. The particular types of verticle planes include: (a) Sagittal Plane (b) Midsagittal Plane (aka Midline) (c) Frontal Plane (aka Coronal Plane)
question
horizontal plane
answer
A flat, cross-wise or side-ways plane that runs parallel to the horizon. A particular type of horizontal plane is: (a) Transverse Plane
question
anatomic position
answer
Presented in such a way that the body is placed in the standard position. This positioning includes: (a) Standing up straight so that the body is fully erect (b) Standing with the body facing forward (c) Holding the arms at sides, fully extended (d) Turning the hands so that the palms face frontward.
question
sagittal plane
answer
A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
question
midsagittal plane
answer
A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. (aka: midline).
question
midline
answer
A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. (aka: midsagittal plane).
question
frontal plane
answer
A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; located at right angles to the sagittal plane. (aka: coronal plane).
question
coronal plane
answer
A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; located at right angles to the sagittal plane. (aka: frontal plane).
question
ventral
answer
A body direction term that refers to the front, or the belly side. (opposite: dorsal).
question
dorsal
answer
A body direction term that refers to the back. (opposite: ventral).
question
anterior
answer
A body direction term that refers toward the front or situated in/on the forward part. (opposite: posterior).
question
posterior
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward the back or situated in/on the back part. (opposite: anterior).
question
superior
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward the head, placement above, or the uppermost. (opposite: inferior).
question
inferior
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward the foot, placement below, or the lowermost. (opposite: superior).
question
cephalic
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward the head. (opposite: caudal).
question
caudal
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward the lower part of the body or the tail. (opposite: cephalic).
question
proximal
answer
A body direction term that refers to situated nearest to the midline or at the beginning of. (opposite: distal).
question
distal
answer
A body direction term that refers to situated farthest from the midline or from the beginning of. (opposite: proximal).
question
medial
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward or nearer to the midline or beginning. (opposite: lateral).
question
llateral
answer
A body direction term that refers to toward or nearer to the side or away from the midline. (opposite: lateral).
question
homeostasis
answer
The process by which the body maintains a constant, stable, internal environment. Establishment of an equilibrium.
question
cell
answer
The basic structural and functional units of the body that, if specialized and grouped together, form tissues and organs.
question
stem cells
answer
Unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells that have a prolonged lifespan & are also able to renew themselves by cell division. By such self-regeneration, they can be replaced, rather than die off . Specific types include: (a) adult stem cells (aka: somatic stem cells) (b) embryonic stem cells (aka: fetal stem cells).
question
differentiated
answer
Specialized; Having a specialized function or structure.
question
undifferentiated
answer
Unspecialized; Not having a specialized function or structure.
question
adult stem cells
answer
Undifferentiated cells, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, that have the primary role of maintaining and repairing the tissue in which they are found. (aka somatic stem cells).
question
somatic stem cells
answer
Undifferentiated cells, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, that have the primary role of maintaining and repairing the tissue in which they are found. (aka adult stem cells).
question
embryonic stem cells
answer
Undifferentiated cells, that are more primitive than adult stem cells, are unlike any specific adult cell, and which have the potential ability to form any adult cell (aka: fetal stem cells).
question
fetal stem cells
answer
Undifferentiated cells, that are more primitive than adult stem cells, are unlike any specific adult cell, and which have the potential ability to form any adult cell (aka: embryonic stem cells).
question
gene
answer
A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
question
genetics
answer
The study of how genes are transferred from parent to child and the role genes play in health and disease.
question
geneticist
answer
A specialist in the field of genetics.
question
genome
answer
The complete set of generic information of an organism. The full genetic code or genetic map of an organism.
question
chromosomes
answer
The genetic structures that are located within the nucleus of erach cell and which are composed of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes.
question
genetic mutation
answer
A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule.
question
genetic disorder
answer
A pathological condition caused by an abdent or defective gene. (aka: hereditary disorder).
question
tissue
answer
A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain functions. The four main types of tissue include: epithelial tissues connective tissues mucle tissue nerve tissue
question
histology
answer
The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
question
histologist
answer
A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels.
question
gland
answer
A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. Two basic types of glands are: endocrine (ductless - usually hormone-producing) and exocrine (ducts).
question
endocrine gland
answer
A gland that does not have ducts and which produces hormones. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body.
question
exocrine gland
answer
A gland that secretes chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body.
question
secretion
answer
The substance that is produces by a gland.
question
body organ
answer
A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function.
question
body system
answer
Related tissues and organs, organized into a larger unit, having a specialized function.
question
pathology
answer
(1) The study of disease, including the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function. ***** or ****** (2) A condition, abnormality, or dysfunction produced by a disease.
question
pathologist
answer
One who specializes in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
question
etiology
answer
The study of the causes of diseases.
question
pathogen
answer
A disease-producing microorganism. (aka: pathenogen)
question
pathenogen
answer
A disease-producing microorganism. (aka: pathogen)
question
communicable disease
answer
Any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. (aka: contagious disease).
question
contagious disease
answer
Any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. (aka: communicable disease).
question
epidemiology
answer
The study of of outbreaks of disease within a population group.
question
epidemiologist
answer
A specialist who studies outbreaks of disease within a population group.
question
endemic
answer
The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
question
epidemic
answer
The sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area.
question
pandemic
answer
An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
question
functional disorder
answer
A disorder that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
question
iatrogenic illness
answer
An unfavorable response to a prescribed medical treatment.
question
idiopathic disorder
answer
An illness without a known cause.
question
infectuous disease
answer
An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
question
nosocomial infection
answer
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
question
organic disorder
answer
A disorder tht produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.
question
congenital disorder
answer
An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. (These conditions can be caused b a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries sustained during the birth process.
question
developmental disorder
answer
A disorder that results in an anomaly or malformation. (aka: birth defect).
question
birth defect
answer
A disorder that results in an anomaly or malformation. (aka: developmental disorder).
question
anomaly
answer
An deviation from what is regarded as normal. (aka: abnormality).
question
atresia
answer
The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
question
aplasia
answer
The defective development of, or the congenital absence of, an organ or tissue.
question
hypoplasia
answer
The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
question
anaplasia
answer
A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. (This abnormal cell development is characteritic of tumor formation in cancers).
question
dysplasia
answer
The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
question
hyperplasia
answer
The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in tissue.
question
hypertrophy
answer
A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues.
question
adenitis
answer
The inflammation of a gland.
question
adenocarcinoma
answer
A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
question
adenoma
answer
A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
question
adenomalacia
answer
The abnormal softening of a gland. (opposite: adenosclerosis).
question
adenosis
answer
Any disease or condition of a gland.
question
adenosclerosis
answer
The abnormal hardening of a gland. (opposite: adenomalacia).
question
adenectomy
answer
The surgical removal of a gland.
question
malignant
answer
Harmful, capable of growing quickly and spreading to other areas, and potentialy life threatening.
question
benign
answer
Not lifethreatening. May grow slowly, but not likely to spread to other areas.
question
indirect contact transmission
answer
A situation whereby a susceptible person is infected ny contact with a contaminated surface.
question
bloodborne transmission
answer
The spread of a disease through direct contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood.
question
airborne transmission
answer
The spread of disease through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze.
question
foodborne and waterborne transmission
answer
The spread of disease that is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. (aka: fecal-oral transmission).
question
fecal-oral transmission
answer
The spread of disease that is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. (aka: foodborne and waterborne transmission).
question
vector borne transmission
answer
The spread of disease due to the bite of a vector. Vectors insects or animals that are capable of transmitting a disease to humans and these include: flies mites fleas ticks rats dogs mosquitoes
question
transmission
answer
The spread of disease.
question
contamination
answer
A pathogen is present and exposure to it creates a situation in which the pathogen is transferred (either directly or indirectly) from the host/carrier to the recipient, creating the risk of possibly spreading the disease.
question
epithelial tissues
answer
...
question
epithelium
answer
...
question
endothelium
answer
...
question
connective tissues
answer
...
question
dense connective tissues
answer
...
question
adipose tissue
answer
...
question
loose connective tissue
answer
...
question
liquid connective tissue
answer
...
question
muscle tissue
answer
...
question
vouluntary muscle tissue
answer
...
question
involuntary muscle tissue
answer
...
question
striated muscle tissue
answer
...
question
smooth muscle tissue
answer
...
question
nerve tissue
answer
...
