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behavioral neuroscience

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the study of the links among brain mind and behavior

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biological psychology

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the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought

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clinical psychology

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the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health

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cognitive psychology

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the study of how people perceive remember think speak and solve problems

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developmental psychology

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the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span

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educational psychology

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the study of how students learn the effectiveness of particular teachings the social psychology of schools and the school psychology of teaching

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evolutionary psychology

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the branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors

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forensic psychology

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fields that blends psychology law and criminal justice

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Gestalt psychology

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a series of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts

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health psychology

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the study of the roll psychological factors play in regard to health and illness

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humanistic psychology

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a series of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching ones highest potential

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personality psychology

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the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations

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positive psychology

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scientific approach to studying understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning

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psychology

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the scientific study of thought and behavior

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social psychology

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the study of how living among others influences thought feeling and behavior

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sports psychology

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the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

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case study

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a study design in which a psychologist often a therapist observes 1 person over a long period of time

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dependent variable

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in an experiment the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation

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experiment

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a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control experimental group or conditions

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hypothesis

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a specific informed and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design

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mean

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the average of a series of numbers

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median

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the score that separates the lower half of the scores from the upper half

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mode

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a statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value

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physiological measures

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measures of bodily responses such as blood pressure or heart rate used to determine changes in psychological state

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population

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the entire group a researcher is interested in for example all humans all adolescents all boys all girls all college students

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samples

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subsets of the population studied in a research project

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theory

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a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions

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ancient history of psychology

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dates back to 50,000 years using shaman's and a procedure known as Trephination to drill small holes in the head to release evil spirits. Apocrities was the first to write about acrophobia. Asylums built 16th and 17th centuries

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Freudian ideas

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psychoanalysis, clinically based approach 2 understanding and treating psychological disorders assumes that the end conscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

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humanistic ideas

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promoting personal growth and meeting as a way of reaching ones highest potential. includes positive psychology striving to understand people or psychologically healthy happy and compassionate

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nature nurture debate

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nature only view is that who we r comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits. Nurture only states that we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the products of our experiences

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science

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collecting observations or data from the real world and evaluating whether the data support ideas or not. science is physical biological and social

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naturalistic observation

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a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world

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surveys

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used for gaining information about people's thoughts and behaviors either asked directly or indirectly involving specific questions answers can be open ended more often however answers are restricted to a rating scale and today they are usually carried out over the phone or the internet

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correlation

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does X relate to Y? Correlation is necessary but not sufficient for causation it requires a third variable

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standard deviation

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a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample very around the mean

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placebo

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a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance

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Neuron structures

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soma, axon, dentrites, mylan sheath, synapse, terminal buttons

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sensory neurons

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nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs such as eye ear skin tongue and nose

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motor neurons

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nerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body

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Mirror neurons

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nerve cells that are active when we observe others performing an action as well as when we are performing the same action

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Interneurons

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neurons that communicate only with other neurons

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action potential

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the impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon

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resting potential

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the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest

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refractory period

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the span of time after an action potential has been generated when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot generate an action potential

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Neurotransmitter

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chemicals that transmit information between neurons

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parts of the brain

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Thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular formation, pons, medulla, cerebellum, hippocampus, pituitary gland, amygdala, cerebral cortex, cingulate gyrus

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lobes of the cerebral cortex

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frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

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frontal lobe

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cognition recent memory planning of movement and some aspects of emotion

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Parietal lobe

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body sensation

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Occipital lobe

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Vision

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Temperal lobe

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hearing and advanced visual processing

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Thalamus

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relays information between lower and higher brain centers

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Hypothalamus

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master regulator of what drives us such as hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior. also controls pituitary gland.

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Reticular formation

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network of nerve fibers running through hindbrain and midbrain, crucial to wake and sleep

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Pons

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hindbrain structure serves as a bridge between lower and higher brain activity

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Medulla

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hindbrain structure directly from spinal cord, regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

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cerebellum

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hindbrain structure, body movement, balance, coordination, fine tune motor skills, cognitive activities such as learning and language

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hippocampus

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limbic structure around thalamus, vital in learning and memory. Key in emotion and motivation.

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Amygdala

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almond shaped, in front of hippocampus, connects to many regions. processes emotional information, especially related to fear

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cerebral cortex

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thin wrinkled outer layer of the forebrain in which thought, planning, perception and consciousness take place

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Cingulate gyrus

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belt like structure in middle of the brain, important to attention and cognitive control

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absent-mindedness

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a form of forgetfulness that results from inattention

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amnesia

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memory loss due to brain injury or disease

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anterograde amnesia

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the inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an njury or the onset of a disease

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associative network

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a chain of associations between related concepts

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automatic processing

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encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task

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blocking

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the inability to retrieve some information once it is stored

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chunking

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the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units

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consolidation

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the process of establishing stabilizing or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long-term memory formation

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effortful processing

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encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort

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episodic memory

answer

form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had

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explicit memory

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knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also known as declarative memory

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false memories

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memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something

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flashbulb memories

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detailed, especially vivid memories of very specific highly charged events

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forgetting

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the weakening or loss of memories over time

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forgetting curve

answer

a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time

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hierarchies

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a way of organizing related pieces of information from the most speciﬁc feature they have in common to the most general

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implicit memory

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kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness

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interference

answer

disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall

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levels of processing

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the concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it

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long-term memory

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the part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime

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long-term potentiation

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strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly ﬁres and excites another neuron

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memory

answer

the ability to store and use information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered

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mnemonic device

answer

a method devised to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acronym

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prefrontal cortex

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the frontmost region of the frontal lobes that plays an important role in attention,appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory

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priming

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a kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli

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proactive interference

answer

disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information

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procedural memory

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kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned

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recovered memory

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a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness

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rehearsal

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the process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters long-term memory

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retrieval

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the recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage of long-term memory

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retroactive interference

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disruption of memory because new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information

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retrograde amnesia

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an inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of a disease or injury

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schemas

answer

mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people objects or events

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semantic memory

answer

form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge such as what we learn in school

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sensory memory

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the part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time usually about half a second or less

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serial position effect

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the tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list

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short-term memory

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the part of memory that temporarily (for 2 to 30 seconds) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten

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storage

answer

the retention of memory over time; the third stage of long-term memory formation

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suggestibility

answer

problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions comments or suggestions by someone else or some other source. Leading questions might influence how an eyewitness recalls a car accident. Did these cars "hit" each other or "smash" each other?

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three-stage model of memory

answer

classification of memories based on duration as sensory short-term and long-term

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working memory

answer

the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with short-term memory

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association

answer

process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds

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behavior modification

answer

principles of operant conditioning used to change behavior

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biological constraint model

answer

a view on learning which proposes that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others

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classical conditioning

answer

form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic inborn response

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conditioned response (CR)

answer

a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

answer

a previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS

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conditioned taste aversion

answer

the learned avoidance of a particular taste or food

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conditioning

answer

a form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment

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continuous reinforcement

answer

reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs

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enactive learning

answer

learning by doing

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ethology

answer

the scientific study of animal behavior

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extinction

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the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement

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fixed interval (fi) schedule

answer

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed

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fixed ratio (FR) schedule

answer

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses

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imprinting

answer

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth

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instinctive drift

answer

learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive unlearned behavior tendencies

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intermittent reinforcement

answer

reinforcement of a behavior—but not after every response

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latent learning

answer

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs

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law of effect

answer

the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

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learning

answer

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

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modeling

answer

the imitation of behaviors performed by others

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negative punishment

answer

the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior

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negative reinforcement

answer

removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior

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observational learning

answer

learning by watching the behavior of others

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operant conditioning

answer

the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

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positive punishment

answer

the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior

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positive reinforcement

answer

the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur

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punishment

answer

stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior

question

reinforcer

answer

an internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior

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schedules of reinforcement

answer

patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement

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shaping

answer

the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

question

Skinner box

answer

simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals

question

social learning theory

answer

a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others

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spontaneous recovery

answer

the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

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stimulus discrimination

answer

restriction of a CR (such as salivation) to only the exact CS to which it was conditioned

question

stimulus generalization

answer

extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli

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unconditioned response (UCR)

answer

the natural automatic inborn reaction to a stimulus

question

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

answer

the environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response

question

variable interval (VI) schedule

answer

a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed

question

variable ratio (VR) schedule

answer

a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes

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