Honors Biology Midterm Review – Flashcards
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science
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A body of knowledge about the natural world and a means of acquiring knowledge
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scientific method
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a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
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hypothesis
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possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
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variable
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is a changeable factor in an experiment
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control experiment
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standered of comparison in an experiment; does not contain the variable being tested
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experiment
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the testing of an idea or hypothesis
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data
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information gathered from observations during an experiment
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theory
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a hypothesis that is generally accepted due to LOTS of experimental support
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metric system
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The system used to measure in a scientific laboratory
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meter
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a metric unit to measure length or distance (it's about the same as a yard)
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liter
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a metric unit of volume
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cubic centimeter
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also known as 1 cc or 1 mL
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mass
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the amount of matter in an object
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weight
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another name for the force of gravity acting on an object
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kilogram
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A unit of mass equal to 1000 grams.
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Celsius scale
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a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
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unicellular
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having or consisting of a single cell
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multicellular
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consisting of many cells
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sexual reproduction
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two cells from different parents unite to form the first cell of a new offspring
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
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anabolism
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synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
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catabolism
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breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
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metabolism
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combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
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homeostasis
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the process by which organsims keep their internal conditions reltively stable
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irritability
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the ability of living tissue to respond to stimulus
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stimuli
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What all living things respond to
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compound light microscope
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microscope that uses light and has two lenses, one in the eyepiece, one in the objective. Magnification goes to 400X on our scopes
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limit of resolution
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point at which an object can be seen clearly in a microscope, but after this is passed, the object becomes blurry
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transmission electron microscope
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An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
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scanning electron microscope
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An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
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physical property
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A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
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chemical property
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a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
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phase
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state inwhich matter exists: solid liquid gas plasma
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atom
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(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
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nucleus
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the positively charged dense center of an atom
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proton
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positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
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neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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electron
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negatively charged particle found in energy levels outside of the nucleus of an atom
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energy level
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a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
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atomic number
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equals the number of protons in the nucle of a atom
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mass number
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the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
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element
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pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
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isotope
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atom of the same element that have diffrent numbers of nentrons in their nuclei, but the same number of protons.
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compound
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a type of matter that cotains two or more chemically combined elements
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chemical bonding
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the joining of atoms to form new substances. when formed electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
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ionic bond
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a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another,which results in a positive ion and a negative ion.
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ion
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An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
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covalent bond
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A bond whose electrons are shared between atoms
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molecule
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(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
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chemical reaction
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a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
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mixture
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two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
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solution
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mixture of 2 or more substances that is homogeneous; consists of a solute and a solvent
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solvent
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Substance that does the dissolving
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solute
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What is being dissolved
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acid
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releases hydrogen ions (H+); a chemical with a pH less than 7
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base
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releases hydroxide atoms (OH-); a chemical with a pH more than 7
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neutralization reaction
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the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and salt
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pH scale
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measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution, ranges from 0-14
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suspension
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a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily seperated by settling of filtration is a
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organic compound
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a compound whose large molecules contain carbon
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inorganic compound
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a compound whose large molecules do NOT contain carbon
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polymerization
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the process of joining monomers together to make polymers
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monomer
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A small molecule that connects together to form polymers.
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polymer
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A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
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macromolecule
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made in living systems from smaller building blocks covalently bonded; four classes: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
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carbohydrate
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a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules
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monosaccharide
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single sugar monomers
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dehydration synthesis
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A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
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disaccharide
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2 monosaccharides, linked using dehydration synthesis
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polysaccharide
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A polymer of up to over 1000 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
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hydrolysis
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A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
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lipid
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macromolecules used for energy storage, cell membranes, and waterproofing
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cholesterol
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a sterol produced only by animals
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protein
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has monomers made of amino acids
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amino acid
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An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Serve as the monomers of proteins.
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peptide bond
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covalent bond formed between amino acids
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catalyst
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a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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enzyme
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a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body
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nucleic acid
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macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
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nucleotide
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The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
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RNA
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A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages taken from DNA
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DNA
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the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
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cell
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The microscopic, living building blocks that every living thing is made up of
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cell theory
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all living thing composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells produced from existing cells
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cell membrane
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thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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cell wall
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strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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nucleus
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Contains DNA chromosomes, control center of the cell, contained in the nuclear envelope, nucleolus makes RNA.
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eukaryote
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organism with a nucleus
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prokaryote
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organism without a nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
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nucleolus
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structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
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chromosome
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a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
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cytoplasm
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a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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organelle
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membrane bound structure inside a cell that performs a specific function
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mitochondrion
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an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
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chloroplast
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organelle in plant cells that converts the energy in sunlight into sugars
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ribosome
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small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
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Golgi apparatus
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Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination
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lysosome
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structure that breaks down food particles and worn out cell part
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vacuole
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storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste
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plastid
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stores food or contains pigment in plant cells (leukoplast is an example)
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cytoskeleton
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A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and trasport functions.
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diffusion
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movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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selectively permeable
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when some substances can pass through a membrane easily when others cannot
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osmosis
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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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facilitated diffusion
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when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
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active transport
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to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
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cell specialization
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cells are uniquely suited to perform a particular function
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a paritcular function
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organ
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composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body
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organ system
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A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
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photosynthesis
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plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
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glucose
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A sugar molecule made by producers during photosynthesis and "burned" by all organisms during respiration to make energy.
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autotroph
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an organim that makes its own food.
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heterotroph
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gets energy from eating other living things such as autotrophs
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pigment
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in plants, a compound that absorbs light and imports color
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chlorophyll
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green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate - what the cell uses for energy
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light reaction
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the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP and NADPH
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dark reaction
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the second stage of photosynthesis that starts with ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide and produces glucose
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photosystem
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Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
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electron transport chain
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the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
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Calvin cycle
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uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose; also known as the dark reaction in photosynthesis
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glycolysis
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1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
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respiration
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the process by which most living things break food down into energy when oxygen is present
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aerobic
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Presence of oxygen
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Krebs cycle
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second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken into carbon dixide in a series of energy extracting reactions; also called Citric Acid Cycle
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fermentation
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process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
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anaerobic
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Absence of oxygen
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lactic acid fermentation
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the type of fermentation that creates lactic acid and gives muscle cells a weak and sore sensation
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alcoholic fermentation
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the process of breaking down sugars and creating alcohol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy in yeasts and other microorganisms
