question

Puberty

answer

refers to the years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality.

question

when does puberty Start?

answer

This process normally starts between ages 8 and 14

question

The average age of menarche among normal-weight girls is

answer

12 years, 8 months

question

menarche

answer

A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.

question

spermarche

answer

A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a "wet dream") or via direct stimulation.

question

The typical age of spermarche is just

answer

under 13 years, close to the age for menarche.

question

The process begins deep within the brain when biochemical signals from the

answer

hypothalamus

question

pituitary:

answer

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands

question

HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis:

answer

sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the adrenal glands.

question

HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis:

answer

A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the gonads.

question

n adolescence, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the hypothalamus, causing the pituitary to release gonadotropins (LH & FSH), which in turn activate the gonads.

answer

As a result, the gonads enlarge and increase their production of sex hormones, chiefly estradiol in girls and testosterone in boys.

question

adrenal glands produce both hormones in both sexes.

answer

Estrogens (including estradiol) are female hormones and androgens (including testosterone) are male hormones,

question

peak fertility occurs four to six years later.

answer

...

question

Hormonal increases affect

answer

psychopathology in sex-specific ways

question

Psychological disorders in both sexes increase at

answer

adolescence, but males are twice as likely as females to become schizophrenic, whereas females are twice as likely to become depressed.

question

circadian rhythm

answer

A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means "about a day").

question

The hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate the hormones that affect the

answer

biorhythms of stress, appetite, sleep, and so on

question

Hormones of the HPA axis at puberty cause a

answer

phase delay in sleep-wake cycles, making many teens wide awake and hungry at midnight but half asleep with little appetite or energy all morning

question

Biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology)

answer

work to make teenagers increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school

question

Not only does insufficient sleep decrease learning and well-being, but so does an uneven sleep schedule (more sleep on weekends, erratic bedtimes)

answer

...

question

Many high schools begin before 8 A.M., even though the evidence finds

answer

that a later start time improves adolescent learning (

question

Sleepy teenagers are more likely to have many problems

answer

hey doze in school (see Figure 9.2), fall asleep while driving, develop eating and mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety), have poor relationships with their parents, and abuse substances (partly to wake up or to sleep), thereby jeopardizing their health

question

precocious puberty

answer

(sexual development before age 8)

question

About two-thirds of the variation in age of puberty is

answer

genetic,

question

African Americans reach puberty about seven months earlier than European or Hispanic Americans, whereas Chinese Americans average several months later (

answer

...

question

northern European girls reach menarche at

answer

13 years, 4 months,

question

southern European girls do so at

answer

12 years, 5 months

question

The female height spurt occurs before

answer

menarche,

question

the increase in height is relatively late, occurring after

answer

spermarche

question

when it comes to hormonal and sexual changes

answer

girls are only a few months ahead of boys.

question

he sixth-grade boy with sexual fantasies about the taller girls in his class is neither perverted nor precocious;

answer

his hormones are simply ahead of his visible growth.

question

Quite normal are increased hormones any time from ages 8 to 14, with the precise age affected by

answer

genes, gender, body fat, and stress.

question

Heavy girls reach menarche years earlier than

answer

malnourished ones do.

question

Most girls must weigh at least ______(45 kilograms) before they experience their first period

answer

100 pounds

question

Worldwide, urban children are more often overfed and underexercised than rural children

answer

...

question

Puberty has occurred at younger ages every century since then

answer

his is one result of the secular trend: More food has allowed biological advances.

question

When did the secular trend stop?

answer

the secular trend stopped at about 1990 in developed nations.

question

One hormone causes increased body fat and then triggers puberty

answer

leptin

question

leptin

answer

A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12

question

eptin levels in the blood show a natural increase over childhood,

answer

peaking at puberty

question

leptin affects appetite in females more than it does in males

answer

and body fat is more closely connected to the onset of puberty in girls than in boys.

question

U.S. boys who are heavy in childhood reach puberty later, not earlier, than others

answer

...

question

Stress affects the sexual-reproductive system

answer

making reproduction more difficult in adulthood and by hastening (not delaying) the hormonal onset of puberty

question

puberty arrives earlier if

answer

a child's parents are sick, addicted, or divorced, or if the neighborhood is violent and impoverished.

question

Early-maturing girls tend

answer

to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than do other girls

question

early-maturing boys have been more

answer

aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys

question

For both sexes, early puberty correlates with

answer

sexual activity and teenage parenthood, which lead to depression and other psychosocial problems

question

If puberty is both early and quick,

answer

boys are especially likely to become depressed; in adolescence, male depression may appear as anger:

question

Boys who reach puberty late also have problems

answer

becoming more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex than are other boys

question

growth spurt

answer

growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.

question

For instance, at age 17, the average girl has

answer

twice the percentage of body fat as her male classmate, whose increased weight is mostly muscle

question

A height spurt follows the weight spurt.

answer

hen, a year or two later, a muscle spurt occurs.

question

Lungs triple in weight

answer

consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly.

question

The heart doubles in size and the heartbeat slows

answer

decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure

question

Red blood cells increase in both sexes

answer

but dramatically more so in boys, which aids oxygen transport during intense exercise

question

Endurance improves:

answer

Some teenagers can run for miles or dance for hours.

question

Both weight and height increase

answer

before muscles and internal organs

question

Injuries increase at puberty

answer

partly because the height spurt precedes increases in bone mass, making young adolescents particularly vulnerable to fracture

question

Only one organ system, the lymphoid system

answer

decreases in size;

question

mild asthma often disappears at

answer

puberty

question

Although everyone's hair changes texture at

answer

puberty

question

primary sex characteristics:

answer

he parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.

question

secondary sex characteristics

answer

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts.

question

Nutrition

answer

Cohort and age are crucial factors

question

In 2011, only 15 percent of high school seniors ate the recommended three or more servings of vegetables a day

answer

...

question

especially common after puberty.

answer

Deficiencies of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals

question

menstruation depletes iron

answer

anemia is more likely among adolescent girls than among people of any other age or gender

question

research in Saudi Arabia involving 18- to 23-year-old college women

answer

found that, despite these advantages, half had insufficient iron, and many of them were clinically anemic

question

he cutoff for anemia is higher for boys than for girls

answer

because males require more iron to be healthy

question

any adolescents of both sexes in every nation spurn iron-rich foods in favor

answer

f iron-poor chips, sweets, and fries. Coffee, tea, and soda reduce iron absorption

question

daily recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is

answer

1,300 milligrams, the average North American teen consumes fewer than 500 milligrams a day.

question

In 2011, only 15 percent of U.S. twelfth graders drank even three glasses of milk daily

answer

...

question

In the twenty-first century, the beverage most often consumed by U.S. 2- to 18-year-olds is

answer

soda with 11 percent of high school students drinking three or more glasses of soda each day

question

About half of adult bone mass is acquired from ages 10 to 20,

answer

hich means many contemporary teenagers will develop osteoporosis (fragile bones) because of too little calcium and too much soda, day in and day out

question

One reason for poor nutrition among teenagers is

answer

anxiety about body image

question

Boys want to look taller and stronger, a concern that increases from ages

answer

12 to 17

question

In both sexes and in adolescents of all ethnicities,

answer

dissatisfaction with body image correlates strongly with low self-esteem

question

Thus, as the hormones of puberty awaken sexual interest, both sexes become less happy with their own bodies and more superficial in what they admire in the other sex.

answer

This is true worldwide.

question

In many nations, the ideal body type is tall and thin,And the ideal facial appearance is Anglo-Saxon.

answer

...

question

Eating disorders are rare in childhood but increase dramatically at

answer

puberty,accompanied by distorted body image, food obsession, and depression

question

ere we describe two other eating disorders that are common in adolescence and early adulthood.

answer

ANOREXIA BULIMIA

question

ANOREXIA

answer

about 1 percent of all women in late adolescence suffer from anorexia it leads to death by organ failure or suicide for between 5 and 20 percent of sufferers. nervosa,

question

anorexia nervosa

answer

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal.

question

If someone's body mass index (BMI) is

answer

18 or lower, or if she (or, less often, he) loses more than 10 percent of body weight within a month or two, anorexia is suspected.

question

Anorexia is officially diagnosed when four symptoms are evident:

answer

Refusal to maintain a weight that is at least 85 percent of normal BMI Intense fear of weight gain Disturbed body perception and denial of the problem Absence of menstruation (in adolescent and adult females)

question

Certain alleles increase the risk of anorexia

answer

but context is crucial. The disorder seems related to cultural pressure to be thin.

question

bulimia nervosa:(binge-purge syndrome) about three times as common as anorexia

answer

n eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.

question

BULIMIA: Most are close to normal in weight and therefore unlikely to starve.

answer

However, they risk serious health problems, including damage to their gastrointestinal systems and cardiac arrest from electrolyte imbalance (Shannon, 2007). They also risk compulsive disorders and depression, including thoughts of suicide

question

According to DSM-IV,

answer

1 to 3 percent of female teenagers and young adults in the United States are clinically bulimic.

question

symptoms:BULIMIA

answer

Binging and purging at least once a week for three months Uncontrollable urges to overeat A distorted perception of body size

question

Many experts think that eating disorders are much more widespread than DSM statistics portray

answer

17 percent of the girls had eaten nothing for at least one 24-hour period in the past month, as had 7 percent of the boys

question

amygdala

answer

where intense fear and excitement originate

question

Which matures first?

answer

amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex: the instinctual and emotional areas of the adolescent brain develop ahead of the reflective

question

whereas the cortex responds more to age and experience than to hormones.

answer

pubertal hormones target the amygdala directly

question

Emotional control is not fully developed until

answer

adulthood

question

When compared with 18- to 23-year-olds,

answer

14- to 15-year-olds show heightened arousal in the brain's reward centers, making them seek excitement and pleasure

question

teenage brains have underdeveloped "response inhibition, emotional regulation, and organization

answer

because their prefrontal cortexes are immature.

question

limbic system at puberty

answer

prefrontal cortex by the early 20s

question

Neurological research finds that the reward parts of adolescents' brains

answer

are far stronger than the inhibition parts

question

In a survey

answer

64 percent of U.S. 16- to 17-year-olds said they had been in a car when the driver was texting

question

Extensive research finds that four measures have saved hundreds of lives of teenage drivers

answer

(1) requiring more time between issuing a learner's permit and granting a full license, (2) no driving at night, (3) no teenage passengers, and (4) zero tolerance for alcohol and driving

question

adolescent egocentrism

answer

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

question

Egocentrism leads adolescents

answer

nterpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a judgment on them

question

Elkind named several aspects of adolescent egocentrism

answer

personal fable and the invincibility fable

question

personal fable:

answer

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.

question

invincibility fable:

answer

An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

question

imaginary audience

answer

he other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious

question

Jean Piaget: Adolescents move past concrete operational thinking

answer

and consider abstractions

question

formal operational thought

answer

In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts.

question

PIAGET'S EXPERIMENTS

answer

...

question

By age 10,

answer

children thought about location, but used trial and error, not logic.

question

Finally, by about age 13 or 14

answer

some children hypothesized and tested the reciprocal relationship between weight and distance and developed the correct formula

question

formal operational

answer

adolescents imagine all possible determinants...[and] systematically vary the factors one by one, observe the results correctly, keep track of the results, and draw the appropriate conclusions

question

One hallmark of formal operational thought is the

answer

capacity to think of possibility, not just reality.

question

hypothetical thought:

answer

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality.

question

Adolescents are primed to engage in hypothetical thought

answer

reasoning about if-then propositions that do not reflect reality. For example, consider this question

question

In developing the capacity to think hypothetically

answer

adolescents gradually become capable of deductive reasoning,

question

deductive reasoning: top-down reasoning.

answer

Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. (Also called top-down reasoning.)

question

Deductive reasoning begins with an

answer

abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions

question

inductive reasoning:during the primary school years

answer

Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion. (Also called bottom-up reasoning.)

question

Among those who believed there were marked inequalities, more older adolescents (age 16 to 17) supported systemic solutions

answer

than did younger adolescents (age 14 to 15).

question

during adolescence, cognitive development facilitates the understanding that discrimination exists at the social-systemic level

answer

...

question

dual-process model:

answer

he notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli.

question

These two processes have been called:

answer

intuitive/analytic, implicit/explicit, creative/factual, contextualized/decontextualized, unconscious/conscious, hot/cold, gist/quantitative, emotional/intellectual, experiential/rational, or system 1/system 2.

question

adolescents are particularly likely to use intuition, not analysis

answer

...

question

intuitive thought called a heuristic

answer

hought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.

question

analytic thought

answer

Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.

question

Experiences and role models influence the choice.

answer

Of whether to use analytic thought or intuitive thought

question

Paul Klaczynski has conducted dozens of studies comparing the thinking of children, young adolescents, and older adolescents

answer

most adolescents (73 percent) made at least one analytic errorKlaczynski found that almost all adolescents were analytical and logical on some of the 19 problems but not on others. Logical thinking improved with age and education, although not with IQ.

question

In other words, being smarter as measured by an intelligence test did not advance logic as much as did having more

answer

experience

question

Klaczynski (2001) concluded that, even though teenagers can use logic,

answer

"most adolescents do not demonstrate a level of performance commensurate with their abilities" (p. 854).

question

Essentially, analytic thought is more difficult than intuition,

answer

and it requires examination of comforting, familiar prejudices.

question

Once people of any age reach an emotional conclusion (sometimes called a "gut feeling"),

answer

they resist changing their minds.

question

Uneven brain development characterizes adolescence, with the limbic system developing faster than the prefrontal cortex.

answer

Young adolescents are often egocentric, thinking of themselves as invincible, and performing for an imaginary audience.

question

Adolescents are also capable of logical, hypothetical thought, what Piaget described as formal operational thinking.

answer

Both emotional intuition and logical analysis are stronger in adolescence than earlier in life. Adolescents usually prefer the former because it's faster and easier.

question

Secondary education

answer

traditionally grades 7 through 12—denotes the school years after elementary or grade school and before college or university

question

serious hearing loss in late adulthood is twice as common among those who never graduated from high school as it is among high school graduates

answer

Global economic growth depends on highly educated workers. Partly because political leaders recognize that educated adults advance national wealth and health, every nation is increasing the number of students in secondary schools.

question

Education is compulsory until at least age 12 almost everywhere

answer

...

question

Many developmentalists find middle schools to be

answer

"developmentally regressive

question

Evidence shows that for non-human animals

answer

when under stress, learning slows down at puberty (

question

However, many experts do not believe the biological or psychological stresses of puberty are the main reasons learning suffers in early adolescence

answer

Instead, they blame the organizational structure of many middle schools

question

many middle school students seek acceptance from their peers.

answer

Bullying increases, appearance becomes important, status symbols are displayed (from gang colors to expensive shoes), and sexual conquests are flaunted, with boys bragging and girls gaining status if they have older boyfriends.

question

In fourth grade, the "coolest" peers are good students;

answer

by eighth grade, cool peers are not involved in school but likely to be antisocial

question

middle school students,

answer

A cognitive perspective on development highlights the academic disengagement typical of

question

entity approach to intelligence

answer

An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement.

question

incremental approach to intelligence:

answer

An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, and so on.

question

If a school is structured so that children individually compete with each another rather than work in cooperative groups, then individuals who score low are likely to cope

answer

by endorsing the entity theory

question

According to international comparisons, educational systems that track students into higher or lower classes, that expel students who are not learning, and that allow competition between schools for the brightest students

answer

are also school systems with lower average achievement and a larger gap between student scores at the highest and lowest quartiles

question

The larger and less personal the new institution is, and the more egocentric the student is,

answer

the more difficult the transition.

question

When students enter a new school with classmates and customs unlike those in their old school, minority students

answer

stereotype threat,

question

Depression, self-injury behavior, substance abuse, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia have striking developmental patterns corresponding to

answer

transitions in early and late adolescence.

question

after eighth grade,

answer

children seem to learn more

question

Bullying decreases each year of elementary school,

answer

perhaps because students learn from classmates and teachers that there are better ways to interact with other children.

question

many studies find that bullying increases in the first year of middle school and again in the first year of high school

answer

his occurs between the sexes as well as within them, with girls likely to bully other girls they perceive as sexual rivals, and boys likely to bully other boys they perceive as gay.

question

cyberbullying

answer

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of technology (e.g., e-mails, text messages, or cell phone videos).

question

cyberbullying is worse when

answer

the self-image is forming, the imaginary audience is looming, and impulsive thinking often supersedes analytic thinking in early adolescence

question

Then students consider their school a good place to be—with supportive teachers, friendly students, opportunities for growth-those with high self-esteem are

answer

not only less likely to engage in cyberbullying, but they also disapprove of it

question

when the school climate is negative, those with high self-esteem are often bullies

answer

analytic, deductive thinking makes sense since many 15- to 18-year-olds are capable of abstract logi

question

From a developmental perspective, the fact that high schools emphasize

answer

...

question

high-stakes test:

answer

An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, it is a high-stakes test.

question

PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment):

answer

An international test taken by 15-year-olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.

question

Career Academies

answer

prepare students for specific jobs

question

he disparity in teacher quality between wealthy and impoverished schools is much greater in the United States than

answer

in nations that score high on the PISA

question

guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload

answer

of 270 students

question

PISA

answer

was designed to measure the cognitive abilities needed in adult life, not necessarily the ones that help students in college classes.

question

The PISA is taken by

answer

15-year-olds

question

Overall, the U.S. students did worse on the PISA than on the

answer

PIRLS or TIMSS.

question

Analysis of nations and scores on the PISA finds four factors that correlate with high achievement (OECD, 2010, p. 6)

answer

Leaders, parents, and citizens overall value education, with individualized approaches to learning so that all students learn what they need. Standards are high and clear, so every student knows what he or she must do, with a "focus on the acquisition of complex, higher-order thinking skills." Teachers and administrators are valued, given "considerable discretion...in determining content" and sufficient salary as well as time for collaboration. Learning is prioritized "across the entire system," with high-quality teachers working in the most challenging environments.

question

students who are capable of passing their classes drop out almost as often as those who are less capable, at least as measured on IQ tests.

answer

Persistence, engagement, and motivation seem more crucial than intellectual ability

question

Students were most motivated and engaged in primary school, somewhat engaged in college, but least engaged in secondary school (Martin, 2009).

answer

alues embraced during adolescence are more likely to endure than those acquired later, after brain connections are firmly established

question

At every age, the best thinking may be "fast and frugal"

answer

...

question

A detailed calculation found that if the United States' average PISA score increased by a mere 25 points

answer

that would result in an increase of $40 trillion in the nation's GDP (gross domestic product, which measures economic production)

question

Secondary education is crucial for personal health and for national economic development.

answer

Many students become alienated from learning during middle school; middle schools are not usually organized to encourage relationships between teachers and students.

question

Transitions to new schools are always challenging, as illustrated by the increase in bullying, especially cyberbullying, as middle school begins.

answer

High-stakes national tests required for high school graduation, and international tests such as the PISA, raise questions about the quality of secondary education in the United States.

question

Adolescents are capable of intense learning of new ideas and of questioning traditional beliefs.

answer

...

question

Adolescents believe that others:

answer

are as egocentric as they are

question

What function does the prefrontal cortex serve?

answer

It is responsible for planning ahead and emotional regulation.

question

At which of the following ages would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest?

answer

12 years

question

Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special:

answer

it is difficult for them to envision another person's perspective.

question

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog."

answer

D. inductive

question

...

answer

The fact that the prefrontal cortex is the last to mature may explain something that has long bewildered adults: Many adolescents are driven by the excitement of new experiences and sensations—forgetting the caution that their parents have tried to instill (Steinberg, 2008).

Chapter 9: Developmental Psych – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards