question

What must a healthcare practitioner do when a patient presents with signs and symptoms that suggest several diseases?

answer

A healthcare practitioner must ask questions and collect information to determine the source of the problem since different diseases may present similar signs and symptoms. First, a practitioner would use the patient's history and a physical examination to look for clues to the illness plaguing the patient. This may be enough for a physician to assign a diagnosis, but lab testing and imaging studies are often needed to confirm the diagnosis or to collect further data if a diagnosis is unconfirmed.

question

What is the key concept that should be learned from this reading selection? Quiz 1-8

answer

All diagnostic procedures presuppose an understanding of the normal structure and function of the human body. In other words, a healthcare practitioner needs to have a working knowledge of normal functional anatomy and physiology of the human body BEFORE they can try to identify dysfunction in the body. You have to know normal before you can recognize abnormal. Diagnosis of patients relies heavily on the study of what is normal and abnormal in the body particularly in the field of study of pathology and pathophysiology before diagnosis decisions can be made.

question

The ability of the organism to form new cells or to form a new whole organism describes which characteristic of life?

answer

reproduction

question

The ability of the organism or a part of the organism to specialize in order to perform its role more efficiently describes which characteristic of life?

answer

differentiation

question

The ability to sense change and make adjustments to maintain life describes which characteristic of life?

answer

responsiveness

question

All activities promoted by the muscular system, both internal and external describes which characteristic of life?

answer

movement

question

The ability of the whole organism, or a part of it, to increase in size describes which characteristic of life?

answer

growth

question

The ability to use energy to maintain the functions necessary to maintain life describes which characteristic of life?

answer

metabolism

question

The ability of the parts of an organism to interact, performing specific functions for the good of the organism describes which characteristic of life?

answer

organization

question

The study of the function of a cell is called

answer

cell physiology

question

X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and other technologies used to create pictures of internal structures are examples of

answer

anatomical imaging

question

The study of the changes in the body from conception to physical maturity is called

answer

developmental anatomy

question

The study of the body's organization that considers the heart, blood and all of the associated blood vessels as a unit is called

answer

systemic anatomy

question

The study of the body's organization by areas (the approach used in most medical schools) is called

answer

regional anatomy

question

The study of the effects of disease on organs and organ systems of the body is called

answer

pathology

question

The study of how organs function is called

answer

systemic or organ physiology

question

The study of external features, such as bony projections that serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures is called

answer

surface anatomy

question

Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study? observing the structure of the interior of the heart studying a model of the kidney examining the surface of a bone viewing muscle tissue through a microscope determining normal blood sugar levels for 20 year old students

answer

determining normal blood sugar levels for 20 year old students

question

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?

answer

histology

question

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

answer

gross anatomy

question

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?

answer

systemic anatomy

question

Anatomy is

answer

the study of structure

question

Systemic anatomy is

answer

the study of the body by systems

question

Cytology is

answer

the study of the structural features of cells

question

Surface anatomy is

answer

the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures

question

Histology is

answer

the study of tissues the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures

question

Regional anatomy is

answer

the study of the body's organization by areas

question

A cell is

answer

the smallest unit of life.

question

A group of cells with similar structure and function describes

answer

tissue

question

An organ is

answer

a structure composed of two or more tissues that perform a common function.

question

Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?

answer

organ system

question

A tissue is

answer

a group of cells with similar structure and function.

question

Given these structures: 1. Cell 2. Organ 3. Chemical 4. Organ system 5. Organism 6. Tissue Arrange the structures in the correct order from smallest to largest:

answer

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

question

An organ system is

answer

a group of organs, working together to perform a common functions.

question

Which of these organ systems is involved in transporting gases in the body?

answer

cardiovascular system

question

The system of the body that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood is the

answer

cardiovascular system

question

The organ system that maintains tissue fluid balance, filters foreign material from blood and lymph, absorbs fats from the digestive tract, and combats disease is the

answer

lymphatic system

question

The organ system that consists of glands such as the pituitary and thyroid glands and is a major regulatory system is the

answer

endocrine system

question

The organ system that consists of the skin, hair, and nails, and protects the body and prevents water loss is the

answer

integumentary system

question

Homeostasis is the condition produced by

answer

the tendency for change in a body parameter to be counteracted as soon as the body parameter goes past its normal value.

question

Which of these is an example of a positive-feedback mechanism? 1. An increase in blood pressure activates mechanisms that decrease blood pressure. 2.Increased amounts of a hormone in the blood cause a decrease in the secretion of that hormone. 3.Increased carbon dioxide in the blood increases breathing rate, which decreases carbon dioxide in the blood. 4.Increased amounts of fluid in the blood result in increased quantities of urine, which decreases fluid content of the blood. 5. Increased stretch of the uterus causes it to contract, which further increases stretch.

answer

Increased stretch of the uterus causes it to contract, which further increases stretch.

question

Which of these statements is true of negative feedback? - -Negative feedback makes any deviation from a normal value larger. -Negative feedback occurs when the uterus contracts during birth. -Negative feedback is a very unusual control mechanism in the human body. -Negative feedback will usually result in illness or other disturbance of normal systems.

answer

Negative feedback is important for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

question

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when blood calcium levels increase. blood calcium levels decrease. blood calcium levels are stable. blood calcium levels are elevated. none of the above.

answer

blood calcium levels decrease

question

Homeostasis is defined as

answer

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

question

When a capillary is damaged, a platelet plug is formed. The process involves platelets sticking to each other. The more platelets that stick together, the more the plug attracts additional platelets and the larger the plug becomes. This is an example of

answer

positive feedback

question

Negative feedback always functions to make any deviation from homeostasis

answer

smaller

question

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

answer

reverses the original stimulus.

question

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses. a decrease in heart rate an increase in the respiratory rate an increase in physical activity unconsciousness

answer

an increase in respiratory rate

question

Which of the following is the most consistent with homeostasis? As blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac (heart) muscle decreases. As the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner. Men working in a hot environment drink large quantities of water, and their urine volume increases. As body temperature decreases blood vessels in the periphery dilate. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

answer

Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

question

Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis? as body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body when a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate as blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases

answer

as body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body

question

How do you acquire critical thinking, or logical analysis skills?

answer

Critical thinking is a learned skill. This skill must follow rules that are intended to minimize the chances of error. The best way to acquire critical thinking, as with most learned skills, is to practice. Students of the sciences use the scientific method to practice, enhance, and execute this skill effectively.

question

How do form a hypothesis?

answer

A student can form a hypothesis by observing a situation, identifying a pattern and forming an educated guess or hypothesis as to why that pattern exists and repeats itself. For a hypothesis to be considered valid it must meet three criteria. It must be testable, unbiased, and repeatable. If a hypothesis does not meet a three criteria then it can not be considered a valid hypothesis.

question

Discuss factors that influence the body's ability to maintain homeostasis.

answer

Maintaining homeostasis in the body depends on the status (or health) of the body's physiological systems and the nature (or type) of stress that is imposed on the body. If the body's mechanisms for coping with a stressor on the body and maintaining homeostasis fails, then physiological values shift and may drift outside of the normal range. When this occurs, these changes can affect other physiological systems with fatal results.

question

Discuss six factors that may result in disease.

answer

Six factors that may result in disease are invading pathogens, inherited genetic conditions, loss of regulatory control mechanisms, degenerative changes, trauma/toxins/environmental hazards, and nutrition. Pathogens may invade the body and upset homeostasis. This is known as infection. When normal regulatory control mechanisms fail, this causes an unbalance in the body's environment. This can occur in the case of cancer which is linked to genes that would ordinarily control rates of cell division, but due to abnormalities have stopped functioning correctly. Without these regulations the cells multiply rapidly leading to unmaintained homeostasis. Degenerative changes occur as the body ages. This causes body systems to be less adaptable and less efficient. If aged patients are exposed to stresses that their weakened systems cannot tolerate, disease results. Environmental hazards, toxins and traumas affect homeostasis. All three conditions can damage and impair organs. This can lead to fatality if this is left untreated. Disease can result from a body not receiving adequate nutrition. Proper nutrition is essential for maintain homeostasis within the body.

question

Why must you learn all of this "normal" anatomy and physiology?

answer

The study of normal anatomy and physiology is important to the diagnosis of disease because a clinician can not diagnose disease effectively without fully understanding normal anatomy and physiology. How would a clinician know if something were abnormal in a patient if they did not know what the normal constant was before examining a patient? In science it is necessary to establish a constant or baseline normal upon which to measure deviations or change. The study of normal anatomy and physiology is the beginning baseline for any clinician dealing with the human body. A clinician can not measure signs or symptoms without this knowledge. Without being able to observe basic changes in the anatomy and physiology of a patient, a clinician is unable to know which diagnostic tests to perform on a patient. This would lead to either failing to diagnose or misdiagnosing patients under the clinician's care. Basically, a clinician can not perform their task of diagnosing disease without a thorough study and understanding of normal anatomy and physiology.

question

What is the "Scientific Method" and why is it important?

answer

The scientific method is a system of advancing knowledge that beings by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypostasis with data collected through observation and experimentation. This method is at the core of all scientific thought, including medical diagnosis.

question

Describe anatomical position and state why it is important.

answer

When the body is in anatomical position, the body is erect, the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward and fingers unfurled, and the feet are together. In the anterior view of anatomical position the front of the body is facing forward. The head is facing directly forward, arms are by the side with palms facing outward. The legs are straightened with the knees facing directly forward (NOT rolling laterally or medially) and the feet are together in neutral position (NEITHER in plantar flexion or dorsiflexion). In the posterior view of anatomical position the body would be in the same position as described in the anterior view except that you would see the body from the back. The backs of the hands would be seen from this position. A person lying face up in the anatomical position is described as supine. A person lying face down in the anatomical position is described as prone. A universal understanding of anatomical position is important because it provides a standard for medical professionals and scientists to go by when mapping anatomical structures, defining areas of the body for study, diagnosing medical issues with the body and describing the body to other professionals in these fields. A universal understanding of anatomical position ensures that there is no confusion in communication between medical and science professionals.

question

The front surface

question

Ventral

answer

The belly surface (anterior in the human body)

question

Posterior

answer

The back surface

question

Dorsal

answer

The pack ( posterior in the human body)

question

Contralateral

answer

On opposite sides

question

Ipsilateral

answer

On same side

question

Cranial

answer

Toward the head (also cephalic)

question

Cephalic

answer

Toward the head(also cranial)

question

Superior

answer

At a higher level (toward the head in the human body)

question

Caudal

answer

Toward the tail (coccyx in the human body)

question

Inferior

answer

At a lower level (toward the feet in the human body)

question

Medial

answer

Toward the midline or midsagital plane

question

Lateral

answer

Away from the midline or midsagital plane

question

Proximal

answer

Nearest to attachment site

question

Distal

answer

Farther from attachment

question

Superficial

answer

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface

question

Deep

answer

Toward the interior of the body, farther from the surface

question

Prone

answer

To lie with the anterior surface down

question

Supine

answer

To lie with the anterior surface facing up

question

Abdominal

answer

Abdominal (front of trunk below diaphragm.

question

Acromial

answer

Shoulder

question

Antebrachial

answer

Forearm

question

Antecubital

answer

Anterior elbow

question

Axillary

answer

Armpit

question

Brachial

answer

Arm (shoulder to elbow)

question

Buccal

answer

Cheek

question

Calcaneal

answer

Heel or foot

question

Carpal

answer

Wrist

question

Cephalic

answer

Head

question

Cervical

answer

Neck

question

Cranium

answer

Skull

question

Crurual

answer

Front of leg from knee to ankle

question

Cubital

answer

Elbow

question

Digits

answer

Fingers or toes

question

Phalanges

answer

Fingers or toes

question

Dorsal

answer

Back

question

Facial

answer

Face

question

Femoral

answer

Thigh (pelvis to knee)

question

Frontal

answer

Forehead

question

Gluteal

answer

Buttock

question

Hallux

answer

Great toe

question

Inguinal

answer

Groin

question

Lumbar

answer

Loin

question

Mammary

answer

Breast

question

Manual

answer

Hand

question

Mental

answer

Chin

question

Nasal

answer

Nose

question

Olecranal

answer

Back (point) of the elbow

question

Oral

answer

Mouth

question

Orbital

answer

Eye socket (eye)

question

Ocular

answer

Eye socket (eye)

question

Otic

answer

Ear

question

Palmar

answer

Palm of hand (wrist to fingers

question

Patellar

answer

Kneecap

question

Pedal

answer

Foot

question

Pelvic

answer

Within the pelvis

question

Plantar

answer

Sole of foot

question

Pollex

answer

Thumb

question

Popliteal

answer

Back of knee

question

Pubic

answer

Pubis

question

Sural

answer

Calf

question

Tarsal

answer

Ankle

question

Thoracic

answer

Chest or thorax

question

Umbilical

answer

Navel

question

abdominopelvic

answer

inferior to diaphragm: stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, reproductive organs, urinary bladder

question

abdominal

answer

inferior to diaphragm and superior to pelvis: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

question

cranial

answer

within the skull:brain

question

dorsal

answer

cranial and vertebral: brain and spinal cord

question

mediastinum

answer

between pleural cavities: esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, pericardial sac, pericardial cavity, and heart

question

middle ear

answer

within the temporal bones:ear ossicles

question

nasal

answer

superior to oral cavity: nasal septum, conchae

question

oral

answer

inferior to nasal cavity:tongue and teeth

question

orbital

answer

anterior-superior skull: eyes

question

pelvic

answer

within pelvis: reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum

question

pericardial

answer

mediastinum:heart

question

peritoneal

answer

abdominal cavity:stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

question

pleural

answer

lateral to mediastinum:lungs

question

spinal

answer

within vertebrae:spinal cord

question

synovial

answer

around movable joints:synovial fluid to reduce friction

question

thoracic

answer

superior to diaphragm:esophagus, trachea, lungs, and heart

question

ventral

answer

thoracic/abdominopelvic:abdominal and thoracic organs

question

vertebral

answer

same as spinal: spinal cord

question

visceral

answer

same as ventral cavity

question

retroperitoneal

answer

location of an organ that is posterior to the parietal peritoneum

question

How many quadrants is the abdomen divided into in regional anatomy?

answer

four

question

Quadrant:Lower Left

answer

small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

question

Quadrant:Lower Right

answer

small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

question

Quadrant:Upper Left

answer

spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney

question

Quadrant: Upper Right

answer

liver, gall bladder, stomach, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, right kidney

question

The abdominopelvic region can be divided into how many regions when more detail is required?

answer

nine

question

Region:epigastric

answer

liver, stomach, pancreas, transverse colon

question

Region:left hypochondriac

answer

spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, transverse colon

question

Region:left inguinal(iliac)

answer

descending colon, sigmoid colon

question

Region:left lumbar (lateral abdominal)

answer

small intestine, descending colon, left kidney

question

Region:right hypochondriac

answer

liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, right kidney

question

Region:right inguinal (lateral abdominal)

answer

small intestine, appendix, cecum, ascending colon

question

Region:right lumbar

answer

small intestine, ascending colon, right kidney

question

hypogastric(pubic)

answer

small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

question

umbilical

answer

small intestine, both kidneys

question

Body cavities and surfaces are lined with what type of tissue?

answer

epithelium

question

How many types of epithelium are there?

answer

four

question

Serous membranes

answer

line cavities or cover organs that do not have any connection with the outside of the body. Named for the thin, watery fluid they secrete that lubricates various organs.

question

mesentery

answer

double layered membrane attaching organs to abdominal wall

question

parietal pericardium

answer

pericardial sac aroiund pericardial cavity

question

parietal peritoneum

answer

lines abdominal cavity's walls

question

parietal pleura

answer

lines walls of pleural cavities

question

visceral pericardium

answer

surface of heart

question

visceral peritoneum

answer

surface of most abdominal organs

question

visceral pleura

answer

surface of the lungs

question

Mucous membranes

answer

line cavities that have connections with the outside of the body. They secrete mucus that protects underlying tissues.

question

Plane

answer

imaginary flat surface passing through the body or an organ

question

frontal (coronal)

answer

divides body or organ into front and back parts

question

sagittal

answer

divides body or organ into right and left sides

question

midsagittal

answer

divides body or organ into equal right and left halves

question

parasagittal

answer

divides body or organ into unequal right and left sides

question

transverse

answer

cuts across the long axis of the body or organ

question

oblique

answer

cuts an organ at an angle, not perpendicular to an axis

Anatomy & Physiology 2111-Chapter 1-Darton (Exam 1) – Flashcards

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