question

Watson didn't originate the behaviorist movement. T or F.

answer

True, he popularized it

question

What forces did Watson bring together to form his system of behavioral psychology?

answer

The philosophical tradition of objectivism and mechanism, animal psychology, and functional psychology

question

Acording to Comte, the only valid knowledge is that which is ______ in nature and ____ _________

answer

social, objectively observable

question

The msot important antecedent of Watsons program was _____ _________

answer

animal psychology

question

Animal psychology led to attempts to demonstrate what 2 things?

answer

1. The existence of mind in lower organisms 2. The continuity between animal and human minds

question

A significant step toward greater objectivity in animal psychology can be credited to ____ _____

answer

Jacques Loeb

question

Loeb developed a theory of animal behavior based on the concept of _______

answer

tropism

question

What is tropism?

answer

A involuntary forced movement

question

Loeb believed that an animals reaction to a stimulus is ____ and ____

answer

direct, automatic

question

Loeb argued that animal consciousness was revealed by ____ ______

answer

associative memory

question

What is associative memory?

answer

An association between stimulus and response, taken to indicate evidence of consciousness in animals

question

Did Loeb reject consciousness in animals?

answer

No

question

Who was Charles Henry Turner?

answer

Wrote "A Preliminary Note on Ant Behavior" that's where Watson used the word behavior first was in his review of this article and was first time Watson used the word in print. Turner had PhD in zoology

question

What was the (and who wrote) first comparative psychology textbook published in the US?

answer

The Animal Mind by Margaret Floy Washburn

question

What was significant about WAshburns book "The Animal Mind"?

answer

1. Most thorough treatment of animal psych of its day 2. Marked an end of an era because after it no other text would use the approach of inferring mental states from behavior

question

____'s research supported an objective psych and Watson's behaviorism in particular

answer

Pavlov

question

The case of Clever Hans illustrates what?

answer

The value and necessity of an experimental approach to the study of animal behavior

question

What influenced Watson's growing inclination to promote a psychology that would deal only with behavior, not with consciousness?

answer

Pfungsts experimental report about Clever Hans as reviewed by Watson for The Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology

question

Thorndike fashioned a mechanistic, objective learning theory that focused on ___ ____

answer

overt behavior

question

Who was the first American psychologists to receive all of his education in the US?

answer

Thorndike

question

Who founded the Journal of Educational Psychology?

answer

Thorndike

question

Thorndike called his experimental approach to the study of association _________

answer

connectionism

question

Instead of talking about associations or connections between ideas, Thorndike was dealing with what?

answer

Connections between objectively verifiable situations and responses

question

What are some elements of Thorndikes approach?

answer

1. His approach was in the mechanistic tradition 2. He said behavior must be reduced to its simplest elements: the stimulus response units 3. Shared with British empiricists a mechanistic, analytical, and atomistic point of view

question

What are stimulus response units?

answer

The elements of behavior (not of consciousness) and are the building blocks from which more complex behaviors are compounded

question

What's a puzzle box?

answer

A box where an animal had to escape from the box, the animal had to learn to operate a latch

question

How did Thorndike record data?

answer

He used quantitative measures of learning. One technique was to log the number of wrong behaviors, the actions that did not lead to escape. Another technique was to record the elapsed time from the moment the cat was placed in the box until it succeeded in escaping.... as learning took place this time period decreased.

question

Thorndike wrote about ____ ____ and ____ ____ a response tendency by its favorable or unfavorable consequences

answer

stamping in, stamping out

question

What was "stamping in"

answer

Response tendencies that led to success were stamped in after a number of trials

question

What was "stamping out"

answer

Unsuccessful response tendencies that did nothing to get the cat out of the box tended to disappear, to be stamped out over a number of trials

question

What did Thorndike prefer to call trial and error learning

answer

Trial and accidental success

question

What is trial and error learning

answer

Learning based on the repetition of response tendencies that lead to success

question

The law of exercise is also known as what?

answer

The law of use and disuse

question

Thorndike formally pretended his ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency as the ____ ______ ______.

answer

Law of effect

question

What are "acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation when the situation recurs the act is likely to recur" called?

answer

Law of effect

question

What law states that "any response made in a particular situation becomes associated with that situation"?

answer

Law of exercise

question

What law says the more the response is used in the situation, the more strongly it becomes associated with it?

answer

Law of exercise

question

Prolonged disuse of the response, according to the law of exercise, tends to _____ the association

answer

weaken

question

In summary, the law of exercise says simply ____ a response in a given situation tends to strengthen that response.

answer

repeating

question

Thorndike later reexamined the law of effect, what did he find?

answer

The rewarding a response did indeed strengthen it, but punishing a response did not produce a comparable negative effect

question

Thorndike revised his views to place greater emphasis on ____ rather than on _____

answer

reward, punishment

question

Who was described as one of psychologys most productive and influential figure whose work "signaled a shift from speculation to experimentation"?

answer

Thorndike

question

______'s work on learning helped to shift associationism from its traditional emphasis on subjective ideas to objective and quantifiable physiological events such as glandular secretions and muscular movements

answer

Pavlov

question

Whose work provided Watson with a method for studying behavior and for attempting to control and modify it?

answer

Pavlov

question

What 3 major problems did Pavlov work on?

answer

1. Concerning the function of the nerves of the heart 2. Involving the primary digestive glands 3. Conditioned reflexes

question

How did conditioned reflexes develop?

answer

By accident. He was doing an experiment on dogs digestive glands and put food in dogs mouth when he noticed that the dog would begin salivating before the food was given to the dogs

question

What did Pavlov first call conditioned reflexes?

answer

Psychic reflexes

question

How do you define conditioned reflexes?

answer

Reflexes that are conditional or dependent on the formation of an association or connection between stimulus and response

question

Who did Pavlov give credit to for the starting point of his research?

answer

Descartes, in Pavlovs book conditioned reflexes

question

A dogs response of salivating when food is placed in its mouth requires no learning so its _____ or _______ _______.

answer

innate, unconditioned reflex

question

Does salivating at the site of food have to be learned?

answer

yes

question

Why is it called a conditioned reflex?

answer

Because it was conditional or dependent on the dog forming an association or connection between the sight of food and subsequent eating of it

question

What was the Tower of Silence?

answer

3 story research building used to eliminate distractions in conditioning

question

_____ is necessary for learning to take place

answer

Reinforcement

question

What is reinforcement

answer

something that increases the likelihood of a response

question

Pavlovs approach can be defined as _____, _____, and ____

answer

analytic, mechanistic, atomistic

question

Who was EB Twitmyer?

answer

Former student of Lightner Witmer who noticed in a study on knee jerk reflex that people responded to stimuli other than the original one

question

Why did Alois Kreidl not prevail?

answer

His main interest was the process of sensations not conditioning or learning

question

Who was the founder of behavior therapy?

answer

Joseph Wolpe

question

Joseph Wolpe said what of Pavlovs work?

answer

His work on conditioning was essential to the development of his methods

question

Who led the field of psych away from subjective ideas toward objectively observed overt bx?

answer

Vladimir M Bekhterev

question

Bekhterevs basic discoveries were ___ ___

answer

associated reflexes

question

What are associated reflexes?

answer

Reflexes that can be elicited not only by unconditioned stimuli but also by stimuli that have become associated with the unconditioned stimuli

question

Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was: a. an overreaction to the quick popularity of psychoanalysis. b. conciliatory. c. to reject structuralism but retain aspects of functionalism. d. a revolt. e. to demand a return to pure science.

answer

d. a revolt

question

Who had a theory of tropisms? a. Bekhterev b. Twitmyer c. Watson d. Loeb e. Morgan

answer

d. Loeb

question

After The Animal Mind, textbooks on comparative psychology focused on: a. reflex behavior. b. respondent conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. physiology. e. learning.

answer

e. learning

question

Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability to respond to: a. odors. b. voice commands. c. touches. d. None of the choices are correct. e. head movements.

answer

e. head movements.

question

Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior? a. Watson b. Thorndike c. Yerkes d. Washburn e. Turner

answer

b. Thorndike

question

The "original" law of effect states that: a. rewards stamp in connections, and punishments stamp out connections. b. any act that produces reward will always be extinguished. c. punishment always weakens a response. d. any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again. e. reward strengthens a response, but punishment does not always weaken a response.

answer

d. any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again, any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again

question

For Pavlov this is necessary for learning to take place. a. Reinforcement. b. Emission of a voluntary behavior. c. None of the choices are correct. d. A ratio schedule of reinforcement. e. Clean dogs.

answer

a. reinforcement

question

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ________ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes. a. Edward Thorndike b. Walter Pillsbury c. Edwin Burket Twitmyer d. John Watson e. Willard Small

answer

c. Edwin Burket Twitmyer

question

Objective Psychology was authored by: a. Comte. b. Pavlov. c. Bekhterev. d. Thorndike. e. Watson.

answer

c. Bekhterev

question

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, ________ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism. a. Cattell b. Thorndike c. Fechner d. Pavlov e. Bekhterev

answer

a. Cattell

question

____ ___ was the founder of the school of thought called behaviorism

answer

John B. Watson

question

Who was the most famous baby in psychology?

answer

Little Albert

question

Watson concluded through Little Albert, that our adult fears, anxieties, and phobias must therefore be simple ___ ____ _____ that were established in infancy and childhood and that stayed with us throughout our lives

answer

Conditioned emotional responses

question

How did Watson describe his founding of psychology?

answer

As a crystallization of the ideas already emerging within psychology

question

Behaviorism was officially launched when?

answer

When Watsons now famous article was published in the Psychological Review

question

Not until the publication of Watsons 1919 book called ________, did the behaviorism movement begin to have a significant impact

answer

Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist

question

Who called Watson an enemy of psychology and why?

answer

Mary Whiton Calkins because she did not like his rejection of introspection because she said some psychological processes could only be studied by introspection

question

Watson said psychology must _________ itself to the objective study of behavior

answer

restrict

question

According to Watson, what were the only most stringently objective methods of investigation that were acceptable in a behaviorists laboratory?

answer

1. Observation with and without the use of instruments 2. Testing methods 3. The verbal report method 4. The conditioned reflex method

question

Objective testing methods were already in use but Watson proposed that test results be treated as _____ of _____ rather than indicators of mental qualities

answer

samples of behavior

question

To Watson a test did not measure intelligence or personality instead it measured what?

answer

The subjects responses to the stimulus situation of taking the test and nothing more

question

To Watson, ______ us a necessary basis for the other methods when it comes to using objective methods of investigation

answer

observation

question

What were Watsons major points?

answer

1. Psych was to be the science of behavior not that introspective study of consciousness and purely objective experimental natural science 2. Both animal and human behavior would be investigated 3. Psychologists would discard all mentalistic ideas and use only behavior concepts such as stimulus and response 4. Psychology's goal would be the prediction and control of behavior

question

Why was Watsons use of verbal report controversial?

answer

Because Watson so vocally opposed introspection, his use of verbal reporting in the laboratory left him open to criticism. Some psychologists considered it a weak compromise saying that he let introspection sneak in the back door after throwing it out the front

question

So why did Watson allow verbal reports?

answer

He couldn't ignore psycho physicists work that used introspection so he suggested that speech reactions, because they are objectively observable, are as meaningful for behaviorism as any other type of motor response

question

Watson described conditioning in terms of ____ ____

answer

stimulus substitution

question

A response is conditioned when it becomes _____ or ______ to a stimulus other than the one that originally aroused it

answer

attached, connected

question

The primary subject matter for Watsons behavioral psychology was the elements of _______, that is the body's muscular movement's and glandular secretions

answer

behavior

question

As the science of behavior, psychology would deal only with acts that could be described _____, without using subjective or mentalistic technology

answer

objective

question

_____ responses are overt and directly observable

answer

explicit

question

_____ responses, such as visceral movements, glandular secretions, and nerve impulses occur inside the organism

answer

implicit

question

Watson ended up revising his position on instincts saying behaviors that seem instinctive are really what?

answer

Socially conditioned responses

question

To Watson, emotions were merely _____ responses to specific stimuli

answer

physiological

question

How do Watson and James theory of emotions differ?

answer

In James theory, the bodily changes immediately followed the perception of the stimulus and the feeling of those bodily changes was the emotion. Watson criticized James position. Discarding the conscious process of perceiving the situation and the feeling state, Watson claimed that emotions could be described completely in terms of the objective stimulus situation, the overt bodily response and the internal physiological changes

question

What 3 fundamental unlearned emotional response patterns did Watson suggest infants show?

answer

fear, rage, and love

question

_____ can be produced by loud noises and by sudden loss of support

answer

fear

question

______ is produced by the restriction of bodily movements

answer

rage

question

_____ is evoked by caressing the skin or by rocking and patting

answer

love

question

Whose study and what is described as a precursor of behavior therapy?

answer

Jones study to try to remove conditioned fears

question

Watsons behaviorist system attempted to reduce thinking to ____ _____ _____

answer

implicit motor behavior

question

Who went on to refine and extend Watsons work?

answer

Skinner

question

?: Should we know Joseph Jastrow, Albert Wiggam, Stephen Butler Leacock

answer

Find out

question

Who suggested learning can occur in response to inner motivation as well as outer motivation?

answer

Edwin B Holt

question

_____ was one of the first theorists to identify internal drives, anticipating the later work in the area of motivation

answer

Holt

question

What is "our internal needs and drives such as hunger and thirst"

answer

inner motivation

question

What find of motivation is external stimuli?

answer

Outer motivation

question

What are the 2 famous principles Lashley offered in Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence

answer

1. The law of mass action 2. The principle of equipotentiality

question

What is the law of mass action by Lashley

answer

states the efficiency of learning is a function of the intact mass of the cortex (the more coritcal tissue available, the better the learning)

question

Whats the principle of equipotentiality?

answer

States that one part of the cortex is essentially equal to another in terms of its contribution to learning

question

What does McDougall's instinct theory state?

answer

That human behavior derives from innate tendencies to thought and action

question

?: Should we know Watson/McDougall debate?

answer

find out

question

Watson chose to pursue research with white rats, he said, because he: a. found rats to be more cooperative than human subjects. b. could not learn to do introspection. c. wanted to dissociate himself from philosophy. d. wanted to dissociate himself from his original pursuits in theology. e. wanted to maintain a close association with biology.

answer

e. wanted to maintain a close association with biology

question

This person wrote to Robert Yerkes, "I am terribly sorry for the Watson children....Just as I am sorry for Watson himself...." a. E. B. Titchener b. Watson's first wife c. James McKeen Cattell d. James Mark Baldwin e. his next door neighbor

answer

a. EB Titchener

question

Watson's view of consumers' responses was much like: a. Pavlov's view of cats. b. Dewey's view of reflexes. c. Wundt's view of feelings. d. James's view of emotion. e. Descartes's view of automata.

answer

e. Descartes's view of automata

question

In Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, Watson argues that psychology is: a. a return to Descartes's dualism. b. in Kuhn's terms, a "paradigm." c. a radical environmentalism. d. a purely experimental branch of natural science. e. big enough to include both mental and behavioral phenomena.

answer

d. a purely experimental branch of natural science

question

Watson's contribution to the method of objective testing was: a. to advocate for its widespread use. b. to create a series of tests which are still used today. c. to quantify the results. d. to argue that the subjects' responses were under the stimulus control of the test items. e. to create a measure of reliability.

answer

d. to argue that the subjects' responses were under the stimulus control of the test items

question

For Watson, a response or behavioral "act": a. None of the choices are correct. b. involves a response through movement in space. c. is always overtly observable with the naked eye. d. cannot be reduced further. e. should be reported by the subject and by the experimenter.

answer

b. involves a response through movement in space

question

In Watson's system, fear, rage, and love are: a. conditioned responses. b. unconditioned responses. c. meaningless labels people have adopted. d. precognitions. e. associated reflexes.

answer

b. unconditioned responses

question

McDougall believed that human behavior: a. could not be predicted or controlled. b. was solely determined by the environment. c. could not be studied. d. was a function of God's will. e. derives from innate tendencies.

answer

e. derives from innate tendencies

question

McDougall's arguments against Watson included: a. data pertaining to consciousness were valuable. b. humans had free will. c. free will made prediction and control unlikely. d. an appeal to God as the director of human behavior. e. humans had free will and data pertaining to consciousness were valuable.

answer

e. humans had free will and data pertaining to consciousness were valuable

question

According to the text, Watson's primary contribution to psychology was: a. his acceptance of social Darwinism. b. his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language. c. the rejection of consciousness. d. his openness to different viewpoints. e. his rejection of the instinct theory.

answer

b. his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language

question

What were the 3 stages of behaviorism?

answer

1. Watsons behaviorism 2. Neobehaviorism 3. Neo-neobehaviorism or sociobehaviorism

question

What points did the neobhaviorism leaders Tolman, Hull, and Skinner agree on?

answer

1. The core of psych is the study of learning 2. Most behavior, no matter how complex, can be accounted for by the laws of conditioning 3. Psych must adopt the principle of operationism

question

What distinguished the neo neobehaviorism or sociobehaviorism stage?

answer

a return to the consideration of cognitive processes while maintaining a focus on the observation of overt behavior

question

What was a major characteristic of neobehaviorism?

answer

operationism

question

What was the purpose of operationism?

answer

To render language and terminology of science more objective and precise and to rid of "pseudoproblems"

question

What are psuedoproblems?

answer

problems that are not actually observable or physically demonstrable

question

What IS operationism

answer

The doctrine that a physical concept can be defined in precise terms related to the set of operation or procedures by which it is determined

question

Who came up with purposive behaviorism?

answer

Edward Chace Tolman

question

What is purposive behaviorism

answer

Tolmans system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior

question

Tolman argued that purposiveness in behavior can be defined in _____ behavioral terms without resorting to introspection or to reports about how one may feel about an experience

answer

objective

question

It seemed obvious to Tolman that all actions were ___ ______

answer

goal directed

question

Tolman said behavior "reeks" of _____ and is oriented toward achieving a goal or learning the means to an end

answer

purpose

question

What was Tolamsn view of recognizing conscious processes?

answer

He said it made no difference to him whether the person or the animal was conscious. The conscious experience if there was any, associated with purposive behavior didnt influence the organisms behavioral responses. Tolman was interested only in overt responses

question

Tolman was interested only in ____ responses

answer

overt

question

What did Tolman list as 5 independent variables as causes of behavior?

answer

1. Envrionmental Stimuli 2. Physiological Drives 3. Heredity 4. Previous Training 5. Age

question

The resulting response behavior is also called the ___ ____ _____

answer

observable dependent variable

question

What variables are the actual determinants of behavior

answer

The intervening variables

question

What are intervening variables?

answer

Unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior

question

Because intervening variables cannot be objectively observed, they are of no use to psychology unless what?

answer

They can be directly related to the experimental (independent) variables and the behavior (dependent) variable

question

By specifying the independent and dependent variables, which are observable events, Tolman was able to provide ______ ______ of unobservable, internal states

answer

operational definitions

question

Tolman accepted Thorndikes law of effect T or F? Why?

answer

No, he said that reward of reinforcement has little influence on learning

question

In place of the law of effect, Tolman proposed a cognitive explanation for learning which suggested what?

answer

That the repeated performance of a task strengthens the learned relationship between environmental cues and the organisms expectations

question

Tolman called these learned relationships "sign Gestalts" and posited that they are built up by what?

answer

The continued performance of a task

question

Whats the sign Gestalt?

answer

The cue expectancy associated with a particular choice point

question

Who came up with the cognitive map idea?

answer

Tolman

question

Thanks to _____ the white rat became the primary research subject for the neo behaviorists and learning theorists

answer

Tolman

question

Perhaps no other psychologists was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method as _____

answer

Hull

question

Hull said "______ is too naive His behaviorism is too simple and crude"

answer

Watson

question

Hull described his behaviorism and his image of human in _____ terms and regarded human behavior as _______ and capable of being reduced to the language of physics

answer

Mechanistic, automatic

question

Hull's _________, _________, and __________ behaviorism provides a clear view of what his methods of study had to be.

answer

Mechanistic, reductionistic, objective

question

What were the 4 methods Hull considered useful for scientific research?

answer

1. Simple Observation 2. Systematic Controlled Observation 3. The experimental testing of hypothesis 4. The hypothetico-deductive method

question

Hull believed that is psychology were to become truly objective like other natural sciences then the only appropriate method would be the ______ one.

answer

hypothetico deductive

question

What is the hypothetico-deductive method?

answer

Created by Hull, It uses deduction from a set of formulations that are determined a priori. This method involves establishing postulates from which experimentally testable conclusions can be deduced.

question

To Hull the basis of motivation was what?

answer

A state of bodily need that arose from a deviation from optimal biological conditions

question

Drive was defined as a _____ arising from a state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior

answer

stimulus

question

To Hull, whats the sole basis for reinforcement?

answer

reduction or satisfaction of a drive

question

The strength of the drive can be empirically determined by what?

answer

The length of deprivation or by the intensity, strength, and energy expenditure of the resulting behavior

question

Which determinant of strength of a drive did Hull put emphasis on?

answer

Response strength because length of deprivation can be an imperfect measure

question

What are the two kinds of drives Hull postulated?

answer

1. Primary drives 2. Secondary (learned) drives

question

What are primary drives?

answer

They are associated with innate biological need states and are vital to the organisms survival. Ex: food, water, air, temp regulation defecation, urination, sleep, activity, sex and pain relief

question

What are secondary drives?

answer

They relate to situations or environmental stimuli associated with the reduction of primary drives and so many become drives themselves. Ex: Touch a hot stove and get burned

question

Secondary or learned drives that motivate our behavior develop from ____ _____

answer

primary drives

question

Hulls learning theory focuses on the principle of ________

answer

reinforcement

question

What is Hull's law of primary reinforcement?

answer

States that when a stimulus- response, relationship is followed by a reduction in need, the probability increases that on subsequent occasions the same stimulus will evoke the same response

question

Primary reinforcement = the _____ of a primary drive

answer

reduction

question

What does this define "The strength of the stimulus response connection. Which is a function of the number of reinforcements"?

answer

habit strength

question

Skinners behaviorism was devoted to the study of ______

answer

responses

question

Skinner was concerned with ______ rather than ______ behavior

answer

describing, explaining

question

How does Skinners operant conditioning exp. differ from the respondent behavior investigated by Pavlov?

answer

In Pavolovian conditioning situation, a known stimulus is paired with a response under conditions of reinforcement. The behavioral response is elicited by a specific observable stimulus. Skinner called this behavioral response a respondent behavior. Operant behavior occurs without any observable external antecedent stimulus so that the organisms response appears to be spontaneous. Operant behavior operates on the organisms environment and respondent behavior does not.

question

Does operant or respondent behavior operate on the organisms environment?

answer

Operant

question

By definition what is operant conditioning?

answer

A learning situation that involves behavior emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a detectable stimulus

question

Skinners law of acquistion states that the strength of an operant behavior _____ when its followed by the presentation of a reinforcing stimulus

answer

increases

question

How does Skinners law of acquistion differ from Thorndike and Hulls positions on learning

answer

Skinner didn't deal with any pleasure/pain or satisfaction/dissatisfaction consequences of reinforcement as did Thorndike. Skinner didn't make any attempt to interpret reinforcement of reducing drives as did Hull. His system = Descriptive. Theirs = Explanatory

question

What are reinforcement schedules?

answer

conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement

question

Skinners research showed that the _____ the time interval between reinforces, the more _____ the animals respond

answer

shorter, rapidly

question

In Skinners reinforcement schedule, as the interval between reinforcers _____, the response rate ______

answer

lengthened, declined

question

Behaviors are eliminated more quickly when they have been reinforced ____ and reinforcement is then _____ than when they have been reinforced intermittently

answer

continuously, stopped

question

In the fixed ratio schedule, the reinforcer is presented not after a certain time interval but when?

answer

After a predetermined number of responses

question

Animals on a fixed ratio schedule respond much ____ than do those on a fixed interval schedule

answer

faster

question

Whats another word for successive approximation?

answer

shaping

question

What is successive approximation?

answer

An explanation for the acquisition of complex behavior. Behavior such as learning to speak will be reinforced only as it comes to approximate or approach the final desire behavior

question

Who wrote Walden Two and whats it about?

answer

Skinner. It follows life in a 1,000 member rural community in which behavior is controlled by positive reinforcement was outgrowth of Skinners midlife crisis.

question

_______ ___________ through positive reinforcement is a frequently used clinical application in mental hospitals, factories, prisons and schools to change undesirable behaviors to more acceptable ones.

answer

behavior modification

question

Behavior modification reinforces the ______ behavior and not the ________ behavior

answer

desired, undesired

question

_______ is not part of a behavior modification program

answer

Punishment

question

Who came up with social cognitive theory?

answer

Bandura

question

What was Banduras research focus?

answer

to observe the behavior of human subjects in interaction

question

Bandura said reactions to stimuli are _____ _______, initiated by the person

answer

self activated

question

What's vicarious reinforcement?

answer

How Bandura says we can learn something outside of reinforcing ourselves. We can also learn by observing how other people behave and seeing the consequences of their behavior.

question

Bandura said rather than learning by experiencing reinforcement daily, we learn through ____________

answer

modeling

question

For Skinner, whoever controls the _______ controls behavior. For Bandura, whoever controls ____ _____ controls behavior.

answer

reinforcers, societys models

question

Banduras approach is a _____ learning theory because it studies behavior as formed and modified in social situations

answer

social

question

What's self efficacy?

answer

Our sense of self esteem or self worth, our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in dealing with problems

question

Banduras work on self efficacy showed that people who have a great deal of self efficacy believe what?

answer

They believe they are capable of coping with the diverse events in their lives, they expect to be able to overcome obstacles, they seek challenges, persevere, and maintain a high level of confidence in their ability to succeed and to exert control over their lives

question

How do people low in self efficacy feel?

answer

Helpless and hopeless about coping and think they have little chance to affect the situations they confront when they encounter problems, they are likely to give up if their initial attempts at solutions fail and they believe no thing they can do will make a difference and that they have little or no control over their fate

question

Are men or women higher in self efficacy

answer

Men

question

Self efficacy seems to peak in ____ and decline after _____

answer

middle age, 60

question

What was Banduras purpose in developing a social cognitive approach to behaviorism?

answer

To change or modify those behaviors society considers abnormal or undesirable

question

Who was the first psychologist to use the term "social learning theory?

answer

Rotter

question

Rotter believed that we perceive ourselves as conscious beings capable of influencing the ____ that affect our lives

answer

experiences

question

Rotter said our behavior is determined by _____ _____ and by the reinforcement they provide but the relative influence of these 2 factors is mediated by our ______ _____

answer

external stimuli, cognitive processes

question

What are the four principles that Rotter said govern behavioral outcomes?

answer

1. We form subjective expectations of the outcomes or results of our behavior in terms of the amount and kind of reinforcement likely to follow it. 2. We estimate the likelihood that behaving in a certain way leads to a specific reinforcement and adjust our behavior accordingly 3. We place different values on different reinforces and assess their relative worth 4. Because each of us functions in a psychological environment thats unique to us as individuals, the same reinforcement can have different values for different people

question

What is locus of control?

answer

Rotters idea about the perceived source of reinforcement

question

_____ ____ ____ ____ is the belief that reinforcement depends on ones own behavior.

answer

Internal locus of control

question

_____ _____ _____ ______ is the belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces

answer

External locus of control

question

Rotters research has shown that people with an _____ _____ ___ ______ tend to be physically and mentally healthier than those with an _____ ____ ____ _____.

answer

internal locus of control, external locus of control

question

The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years: a. 1913-1958. b. 1930-1960. c. 1904-1990. d. 1930-1990. e. 1925-1938.

answer

b. 1930-1960

question

Operationism means that a concept: a. All of the choices are correct. b. operates to control human mental processes. c. must be mathematical. d. is synonymous with its methods of measurement. e. must be defined in logical terms.

answer

d. is synonymous with its methods of measurement

question

A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it: a. validated the use of rats to determine basic laws of human behavior. b. was easy to apply to experiments. c. facilitated a new relationship with research endeavors in medicine. d. was first adopted by physics. e. validated their desire for greater objectivity in psychology.

answer

d. was first adopted by physics

question

For Tolman, the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was: a. that the rat behaves so as to obtain food. b. that the rat readily leaves the start box of a maze. c. sign Gestalts. d. that the animal changes its speed of running when the reward size is altered. e. learning.

answer

e. learning

question

The classic test of Tolman's learning theory concerned whether a rat in a maze: a. can run it quickly if food is present. b. learns by using a cognitive map or learns by using a set of motor responses. c. prefers a cross-shape or a Y-shape. d. could swim as well as run to reward. e. can find its way out.

answer

b. learns by using a cognitive map or learns by using a set of motor responses

question

From 1930 until the 1960s, the ________ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists. a. white rat b. Norwegian rat c. cat d. white man e. human being

answer

a. white rat

question

From the 1940s to the 1960s, who dominated American psychology? a. Tolman's students and disciples b. Hullians c. radical behaviorists d. Skinnerians e. functional theorists

answer

b. Hullians

question

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions. Such an approach appears similar to whose research method? a. Wundt's b. Guthrie's c. Newton's d. Tolman's e. Hull's

answer

e. Hull's

question

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method? a. Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior. Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior. b. Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning. Once the theory is formed, there is no need to test the theory, since theory is more important than data. c. Any of the choices might be correct, depending on the circumstances. d. From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary. e. None of the choices are correct.

answer

d. From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hyptheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary

question

This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined, lawful, and orderly" just as his system would predict. a. Watson b. Hull c. Tolman d. Pavlov e. Skinner

answer

e. Skinner

question

_____ psychologists accepted the value of consciousness while criticizing the attempt to reduce it to atoms or elements while _______ psychologists refused to acknowledge the usefulness of the concept of consciousness for a scientific psychology.

answer

Gestalt, behavioral

question

What were Gestalt psychologists criticisms of Wundt?

answer

His approach is "brick and mortar psychology" and that Wundt claimed the perception of objects consists merely of the summation or gathering of elements into some sort of bundle and Gestalts say when sensory elements are combined, the elements form a new pattern or configuration

question

Gestalt psychologists believe that there is more to ____ than meets the eye

answer

perception

question

The basis of the Gestalt position can be found in the work of of who?

answer

German Philosopher Immanuel Kant

question

Who proposed psychology study the act of experiencing?

answer

Brentano

question

_____ argued that our perception of an object does not change even if we change our orientation to it.

answer

Mach

question

What are Gestalt qualitatent and who came up with them?

answer

Ehrenfels and they are perceptions based on something greater than a merging of individual sensations

question

Who wrote a book called the analysis of sensations?

answer

Mach

question

What's phenomenology?

answer

A doctrine based on an unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs and the experience isn't analyzed or reduced to elements or otherwise artificially abstracted

question

Who was a precursor of Gestalt psych?

answer

William James

question

What are fields of force?

answer

Regions or spaces traversed by lines of force such as of a magnet or electric current

question

4 major Gestalt psychologists

answer

Weirtheimer, Koffka, Kohler, Lewin

question

Who wrote principles of Gestalt psychology

answer

Koffka

question

Gestalt psychology grew out of a research study conducted in 1910 by ____ _______

answer

Max Wertheimer

question

What's phi phenomenon?

answer

The illusion that two stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another

question

What article was the 1st comprehensive explanation of the Gestalt movement for psychologists in the US and who wrote it?

answer

"Perception: An Intro to the Gestalt Theorie" by Koffka

question

What was Gestalt psychology more concerned with more than perception?

answer

cognitive processes, with problems of thinking, learning, and other aspects of conscious experience

question

____ _____ was the spokesperson for the Gestalt movement

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

Why has the word Gestalt caused problems?

answer

The term doesn't clearly denote what the movement stands for. It has no pressure precise English-language counterpart

question

Commonly used equivalents for the word Gestalt are

answer

form, shape, configuration

question

What two ways was the word Gestalt used in German?

answer

1. One denotes shape or form as a property of objects 2. Denotes a whole or concrete entity that has as one attribute a specific shape or form

question

Gestalt can refer to objects as well as........

answer

Their characteristic forms. It is not restricted to the visual or even the total sensory field. It may encompass learning, thinking, emotions, and behavior.

question

Wertheimer asserted that we perceive objects in the same way we perceive apparent motion, which is how?

answer

as unified wholes rather than clusters of indiv. sensations

question

Name 6 perceptual organization principles

answer

1. Proximity 2. Continuity 3. Similiarity 4. Closure 5. Simplicity 6. Figure/Ground

question

What perceptual organization principle is defined as "parts that are close together in time or space appear to belong together and tend to be perceived together"?

answer

proximity

question

Continuity: There is a tendency in our perception to follow a direction, to connect the elements in a way that makes them seem ______ or flowing in a particular direction.

answer

continuous

question

____ parts tend to be seen together as forming a group. This defines similarity.

answer

Similar

question

What perceptual organization principle is defines as this: "There is a tendency in our perception to complete incomplete figures, to fill in gaps?"

answer

closure

question

Simplicity: We tend to see a figure as being good as possible under the stimulus conditions: the Gestalt psychologists call this pragnanza or ____ ____. A good Gestalt is ___, ___, and ____ and cannot be mad simpler or more orderly.

answer

good form; symmetrical, simple, stable

question

We tend to organize perceptions into the object being looked at (the _____) and the background against which it appears (the ____)

answer

figure, ground

question

Does the figure or ground seem to be more substantial and stands our from its background?

answer

figure

question

Insight is.....

answer

the apparently spontaneous apprehension or understanding of relationships

question

From his research on apparent movement, Wertheimer suggested that brain activity is a ____, ____ process

answer

configural, whole

question

To account for phi phenomenon, there must be a correspondence between the psychological or ___ experience and the underlying brain experience. This idea is called _________

answer

conscious, isomorphism

question

Why was Gestalt psych slowly accepted in US as a school of thought?

answer

1. Behaviorism was at peak of its popularity 2. Language barrier 3. Many incorrectly thought it dealt only with perception 4. The founders settled at small colleges in US that didn't have grad programs 5. American psych had advanced far beyond the ideas of Wundt and Titchener which the Gestalt psychologists were opposing

question

American psychologists felt ____ psychologists were fighting an enemy they had already beaten

answer

Gestalt

question

________ charged that it was senseless to develop a psychology without consciousness as behaviorists had done

answer

Koffka

question

Why did Koffka think it senseless to develop a psych without consciousness?

answer

B.c that meant psych would be restricted to little more than a collection of animal research studies

question

Field theory usually refers to the ideas of ____ ____

answer

Kurt Lewin

question

Lewin described human behavior within its total ____ and _______ context

answer

physical and social

question

Lewin devoted himself to the broadly defined area of ____ ____

answer

human motivation

question

Lewins knowledge of field theory in physics led him to consider that a persons psychological activities occur within a kind of psychological field which he called the _____ ______

answer

life space

question

What does the life space encompass?

answer

all past, present, and future events that may affect us

question

The life space consists of the persons ________ in interaction with the psychological environment

answer

needs

question

Lewin chose ______ to diagram the life space showing at any given moment a persons possible goals and the paths leading to them

answer

topology

question

To explain human motivation Lewin believed that behavior involves a cycle of ___-_____ or ____-____ followed by activity and relief

answer

tension states, need states

question

Whats the Zeigarnik effect?

answer

The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed tasks

question

The outstanding feature of Lewins social psychology is ____ _______, the application of psychological concepts to individual and group behavior

answer

group dynamics

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