PH301-Midterm – Flashcards

1. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERs) is a bacterial respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 2. Coronarviruses can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 3. Approximately 36% of reported patients with MERS have died 4. Although the majority of human cases of MERS have been attributed to human-to-human infections, camels are likely to be a major reservoir host for MERS-CoV and an animal source of infection in humans 5. The virus does not seem to pass easily from person to person unless there is close contact.

1. A lot of people have to be affected 2. A lot of people have to die 3. It has to occur in more than one location 4. It has to be a new disease 5. No true statement. All the above statements is false

1. Health is not just the absence of disease or infirmity. It encompasses physical, mental, and social being, which include the ability to fulfill a social role 2. Public health practice involves a close linkage with government and close ties with non-profit organizations to combat social injustice in health care 3. Conducting epidemiologic investigations and surveillance, programmatic, evaluations and providing clinical services is not public health practice 4. Public health practice is authorized under state or local laws. 5. All of the above are true

1. One does not have to know the cause(s) of a disease to do public health prevention work 2. The causes of disease for individual cases may be different from the causes of disease incidence in a population 3. Because social gradients in health exist in all societies (its ubiquitous), extreme poverty cannot be eliminated 4. Percent of population living below the poverty line is a population-based measure 5. All of the above are false

1. Ebola may be spread as a result of eating infected animals 2. A person infected with Ebola virus is not contagious until symptoms appear 3. Ebola has been eliminated in Africa 4. Isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing are the three most important steps to undertake when a confirmed case of Ebola is reported 5. All of the above are true

1. Public health practice is dominated by the use of standard, accepted and proven interventions to address known or suspected problems 2. Participants of population-level public health practice usually do not have the opportunity to give informed consent to accept the intervention 3. Participants of public health practice do not directly benefit from the practice 4. Public health practice can involve collection and analysis of identifiable health data by a public health authority for the purpose of protecting the health of a particular community 5. Both b and d are false

1. The Relative Risk (RR) measure provides information on risk factors or etiology 2. The Relative Risk (RR) provides little or no information on the public health importance of the risk factor 3. The more widespread is a particular "cause", the less it explains the distribution of individual.. 4. Prevalence and attributable risk measures are needed for effective public health practice 5. No false statement. All of the above statements are true

1. The 4th amendment protects Americans from unreasonable health inspections and medical testings even though the word "health" does not appear in the Constitution 2. The 14th amendment and Civil Rights Law specifically specified "equal protection under the law" and that services (which includes health care services) must be rendered in a language that the intended recipient can understand 3. The federal government exercises police power in state health matters whenever necessarily to prevent a person from harming himself/herself or others and to protect the common good 4. In an epidemic of a deadly disease individuals do not have the right to refuse vaccinations against the disease if vaccination is mandated the state as a means to stop the spread of the disease 5. No incorrect statement. All of the above is true

1. The California Department of Public Health administers the Medi-Cal Program 2. The Department of Health Care Services in California administers the Medicare Program 3. Both the California Department of Public Health and the Department of Health Care Services administers the Medi-Cal Program 4. Neither the California Department of Public Health and the Department of Health Care Services administers the Medi-Cal Program 5. The Medicaid program in California is called Medi-Cal

1. It is a systematic investigation including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalize knowledge 2. Public Health practice is subject to review the IRBs 3. Informed consent for public health practice is implied through voting at elections 4. It does not require state authorization, Only federal government 5. Participants do not benefit directly from the practice

1. The federal government is primarily responsible for maintaining the public's health 2. The state is primarily responsible for maintaining the public's health 3. How public health is organized varies by states and even with states 4. Some local areas in the US have no public health department 5. The most common local public health agency is the County Health Department

1. One of the reasons the study is unethical is because treatment was withheld from the participants even when treatment for syphilis became available after WWII 2. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lead to the passage of the National Research Act in 1974, which creates the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research 3. The Belmont Report existed before the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was completed 4. The Belmont Report spelled out the basic ethical principles and guidelines for research on human subjects such as respect for persons, informed consent, beneficence and justice 5. No incorrect statements. All of the above are correct

1. Social gradients exist in all societies 2. Social gradient is graded and continuous association between socioeconomic status and morbidity, mortality, and level of physical and mental functioning. 3. Because social gradients exist in all societies, they are inevitable and cannot be changed 4. Societies with which allow social discriminations will show a steep slope in the social gradient 5. Social policies can alter the slope of the social gradient

1. Herd immunity 2. Variolation 3. Inoculation 4. Vaccination 5. All of the Above

1. A system of government based on federalism is a national government 2. A federal system of government give states certain autonomy and ensures a decentralized government 3. Under a federal system of government, each state has sovereignty 4. Socialism is unlikely to exist under a system of federal government 5. Public health practice is implemented through state authorization

1. Age, sex, education and other demographic variables 2. The condition in which people are born, grow, live, work and age 3. The health system(s) 4. A and b 5. A, b and c

1. Reducing social injustice 2. Reducing the size of the gap between the rich and the poor 3. Narrowing the relative advantage of certain groups over others 4. A and b 5. A, b and c

1. The leading investigator of the study is the same person who led the Tuskegee Syphilis study 2. The study infected non-syphilis persons with syphilis 3. The syphilis study withheld treatment from subjects who already had syphilis 4. The study was conducted through the cooperation of two governments 5. No false statements. All the above are true statements

1. The Public Health Service Act is a federal law enacted in 1944 and has been amended several times over the years 2. The Public Health Service Act structured the US Public Health Service, which created a government department that has changed names over time and is now called the Department of Health and Human Services 3. Sylvia Matthews Burwell is the current Secretary for the US Department of Health and Human Services 4. Vivek Murthy is the Surgeon General in US 5. Sylvia Matthews Burwell is currently the Acting Secretary of Health and Human Services

1. The US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps is operationally headed by the Surgeon General of the United States 2. The Surgeon General is the spoke-person on matters of public health 3. The Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) is a national network of volunteers organized locally to help improve the health and safety of communities. 4. MRC volunteers must have a healthcare background 5. No false statement. All of the above statements is true

1. Temples, monasteries and almhouses were places people sought healthcare guidance and treatment in ancient times 2. The modern hospitals emerged in the 18th century (in Berlin, London, Philadelphia and Vienna) 3. Non-profit hospitals emerged in the 19th century followed by the profit hospitals in the 20th century 4. The Hill-Burton Act is a federal law passed in 1946 that provided federal grant to construct hospitals with the aim of attaining 4.5 bed per 1000 population 5. No incorrect statement. All statements are true

1. A study has shown that more than one in five Americans (22% reported that they or a family member) have experienced a medical error of some kind 2. Hospital inefficiencies are major reasons for medical errors. 3. Lack of communication because health care workers and lack of follow-up of patients discharged from hospitals are major contributors to medical errors 4. The practice of hospitals to grant hospital privileges to top physicians guaranteed that patient the best and the most cost effective health care 5. No false statements. All of the above is true

1. The magnitude of Medical errors today in the US was first called out by the IOM study published in 2000 2. Preventable medical errors today claim the lives of about 400,000 people each year and ranks just behind heart disease and cancer in killing people each year 3. When Duncan showed up with his Ebola symptoms at a Dallas hospital and the mention of his travel to Liberia did not provoke scrutiny on the part of the nursing and medical staff, this illustrates a "process of care" issue 4. When Duncan showed up with his Ebola symptoms at a Dallas hospital and the mention of his travel to Liberia did not provoke scrutiny on the part of the nursing and medical staff, this illustrates a "process of outcome" issue 5. The Join Commission is an independent not-for-profit organization that accredits health care organizations (incl. hospitals) in the US. You may file a complaint about a hospital by going to the website

1. The FDA regulates many products and devices, including cosmetics, water, pesticides, etc. 2. Medwatch is FDA's safety information and adverse event reporting system that only health care professionals can access and use 3. FDA approval of drug development is contingent on evidence of benefits from the drug obtained from Phase I, II and III clinical trials before they can be marketed. 4. Drug companies use physicians identified as "thought leaders" to market their drugs and they for... use non-profit organizations to promote and advertise their products 5. Once a new drug is marketed, it is up to the public and individual health care personnel to report any adverse effects of drugs

1. The system of reporting notifiable diseases in the UK is an example of active surveillance 2. Ebola, MERS-CoV, syphilis, whooping cough are examples of notifiable diseases 3. Notifiable disease report from San Diego County are transmitted to CDC 4. Disease reports from San Diego county Health and Human Services are reported to the World Health Organization 5. No false statements. All of the above are true

1. The Joint Commission is a government agency that accredits hospitals in the US 2. The number of for-profit hospitals has decreased due to financial problems 3. The Joint Commission is also involved in the accreditation and licensing of Medicaid reimbursements in order to justify their tax exemption 4. University of California hospitals are exempt from community benefits requirements