Civics and Economics NC Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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            Mercantilism
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        A nation should sell more goods than it purchases.
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            Salutary Neglect
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        A British Policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.
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            Taxation without Representation
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        Americans insist they are not represented but are still taxed.
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            Boycott
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        To abstain from buying or using.
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            American Revolution
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        1765-1783, The Thirteen American Colonies reject Great Britain, overthrow their authority, and found the U.S.
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            Articles of Confederation
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        Group of individual governments that work together for a common purpose, and the U.S.'s first government.
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            Ben Franklin
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        A Founding Father and inventor that helped draw up the Declaration of Independence.
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            George Washington
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        A Founding Father that became the first President of the United States.
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            John Adams
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        A Founding Father, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the second President of the U.S.
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            Sons of Liberty
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        Secret organizations formed in the American colonies in protest against the Stamp Act (1765).
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            Enlightenment
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        A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
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            Declaration of Independence
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        A document written primarily by Thomas Jefferson declaring the independence of America from Great Britain, saying "all men are created equal" and "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
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            Inalienable Rights
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        Rights that cannot be taken away, or denied.
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            Natural Rights
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        Rights that people supposedly have under natural law.
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            Magna Carta
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        A document that limited the power of King John and made him obey the laws like everyone else.
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            Montesquieu
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        French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
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            John Locke
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        An English philosopher who came up with the idea of the guarantee of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and said that people should rebel if these guarantees are violated.
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            English Bill of Rights
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        Only Parliament could make laws, raise taxes, and control the military and this further limited the monarch's power.
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            Federalists
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        Supported the Constitution, wanted a strong national government, believed the Articles of Confederation was a failure, and wrote the Federalists Papers (ideas that supported the Constitution).
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            Anti-Federalists
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        Opposed the Constitution, they thought it gave too much power to the government, believed in state's rights, and wanted a Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms.
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            Constitution
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        The U.S.'s current form of government, consisting of the first 10 Amendments called the Bill of Rights and Articles.
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            Alexander Hamilton
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        A Founding Father that helped write the Constitution, and wrote most of the essays in the Federalists Papers.
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            Thomas Jefferson
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        A Founding Father that primarily wrote the Declaration of Independence.
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            James Madison
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        An American statesman, a political theorist, and the fourth President of the United States.
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            Federalist Papers
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        The Federalist is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.
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            Elastic Clause
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        Grants Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
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            Bill of Rights
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        The first ten amendments to the US Constitution (1791)
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            Separation of Powers
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        Powers of the government are divided between the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches
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            Rule of Law
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        The principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced
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            Federalism
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        A system of government in which power is divided between the Federal Government and the State Govenrments
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            Limited Government
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        Rule of law applies to all people, ensure that the rights of the minority not be denied, and protect against abuse of power by the government.
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            Democracy
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        A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.
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            Consent of the Governed
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        That the authority of a government should depend on the consent of the people, as expressed by votes in elections.
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            Individual Rights
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        The liberties of each individual to pursue life and goals without interference from other individuals or the government.
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            Equal Opportunity
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        The policy of treating employees and others without discrimination, especially on the basis of their sex, race, or age.
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            Equal Protection
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        A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens.
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            Legislative Branch
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        The part of the United States government that creates laws. Has a House of Representatives and a Senate, one with 435 Reps. and 100 Senators.
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            Executive Branch
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        The branch of federal and state government that is broadly responsible for implementing, supporting, and enforcing the laws made by the legislative branch and interpreted by the judicial branch. Has the President, Vice-President, and the Cabinet.
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            Judicial Branch
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        The court systems of local, state, and federal governments, responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch and enforced by the executive branch. Has 9 Justices.
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            Jurisdiction
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        The court's authority to hear and decide cases and say what is the right or wrong in an area
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            Precedents
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        A legal decision serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in similar future cases.
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            Judicial Review
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        The principle by which courts can declare acts of either the executive branch or the legislative branch unconstitutional.
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            Supremacy Clause
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        The U.S. Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land.
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            Establishment Clause
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        Prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.
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            Symbolic Speech
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        Actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.
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            Due Process
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        The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards.
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            Right to Privacy
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        Restrains both government and private party action that threatens the privacy of individuals.
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            Preamble
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        The introductory part of the Constitution.
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            Duties
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        Things that we are required to do.
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            Responsibilities
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        Things that we should do.
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            Republicanism
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        The ideology of governing a society or state as a republic.
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            Delegated Powers
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        Federal Government powers
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            Reserved Powers
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        State Government powers
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            Concurrent Powers
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        Federal and State Government powers
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            Pardons
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        The action given by the President of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offense.
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            Writ of Habeas Corpus
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        is a court order to a jail or agency holding someone in custody to deliver the imprisoned individual to the court issuing the order.
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            States' Rights
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        The rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.
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            Patriot Act
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        A U.S. law enacted in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which gave law-enforcement officials greater ability to tap telephones and track Internet users.
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            Taxes
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        A sum of money demanded by a government for its support or for specific facilities or services, levied upon incomes, property, sales, etc.
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            Immigration
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        The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
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            Naturalization
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        The legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.
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            Civil Rights
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        The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
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            Annexation
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        To bring areas of land to become a part of a nation.
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            Redistricting
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        Divide or organize an area into new political or school districts.
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            Zoning
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        The establishment by local governments of districts that are restricted to various types of manufacturing, commercial, or residential use.
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            National Security
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        A collective term for the defense and foreign relations of a country, protection of the interests of a country
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            Health Care
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        When the government makes a plan to try and help people with medical insurance
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            Democrat
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        A member of the Democratic Party
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            Republican
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        A member of the Republican Party
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            Third Parties
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        A political party organized as opposition to the existing parties in a two-party system.
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            Precincts
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        The police station in a district
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            The Political Spectrum
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        A concept for representing different political stances in relation to one another.
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            Straight Ticket
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        A ballot on which all votes have been cast for candidates of the same party.
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            Canvas
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        To solicit votes, subscriptions, opinions, or the like.
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            Plank
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        A fundamental point of a political or other program.
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            Platform
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        The declared policy of a political party or group.
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            14th Amendment
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        It gave African American males citizenship
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            Americans with Disabilities Act
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        Discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities.
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            Committee System
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        The House or Senate splits itself up into different committees, subcommittees, and joint committees to cover different topics.
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            Bill
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        a draft of a proposed law presented to Congress for discussion.
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            Law
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        Something that a citizen is required to follow.
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            Veto
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        A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body.
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            Filibuster
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        An action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures.
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            Cloture
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        A vote to stop a filibuster.
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            Proposition
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        Political parties, factions, and individuals in a legislature who are favorable and supportive of the incumbent government.
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            Public Policy
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        What government plans to do in a situation under those circumstances.
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            Supreme Court
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        The highest judicial court in a country or state.
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            Constitutional Law
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        Laws outlined in Constitution
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            Criminal Law
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        laws that govern the behavior of citizens and their actions in society
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            Civil Law
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        Laws concerned with disputes between people and between the government and its citizens.
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            Tort
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        A wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
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            Administrative Law
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        The body of law that regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies.
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            Statutory Law
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        A written law set down by a legislature.
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            International Law
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        A body of rules established by custom or treaty and recognized by nations as binding in their relations with one another.
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            Department of Justice
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        The department of the U.S. federal government charged with the responsibility for the enforcement of federal laws.
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            Regulatory Commissions
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        A public authority or government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity
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            FBI
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        Federal Bureau of Investigation, an agency of the Justice Department responsible for investigating violations of Federal laws.
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            SBI
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        State Bureau of Investigation, like the FBI but on a state level instead of a national level
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            Homeland Security
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        The department of the U.S. federal government charged with protecting U.S. territory from terrorist attacks and providing a coordinated response to large-scale emergencies.
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            Magistrate
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        A civil officer charged with the administration of the law.
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            Sheriff
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        An elected officer in a county who is responsible for keeping the peace.
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            City Police
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        A body of government employees trained in methods of law enforcement and crime prevention and detection and authorized to maintain the peace, safety, and order of the community.
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            Ordinance
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        A piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
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            Statute
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        A written law passed by a legislative body.
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            Constituents
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        A person with the power to create a government or frame or amend the Constitution.
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            Interest Groups
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        Groups of people with a similar point of view who bond together to promote their view on a topic to make it popular among the public.
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            Lobbyists
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        Representatives of the interest group that attempts to gain support from government officials and tries to influence government policy
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            Mass media
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        TV, radio, newspapers, internet, reaches many citizens at once
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            Public Opinion
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        The feelings of the public on specific issues
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            Suffrage
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        The right to vote in political elections.
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            Labor Legislation
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        The system of legal norms that regulates labor relationships and other relationships of a similar nature.
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            Civil rights Legislation
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        A broad range of privileges and rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and subsequent amendments and laws that guarantee fundamental freedoms to all individuals.
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            Military Policy
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        Public policy dealing with international security and the military.
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            Environmental Policy
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        Environmental policy refers to the commitment of an organization to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues.
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            Business Regulation
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        Regulations in place to protect employees' rights, protect the environment and hold corporations accountable for the amount of power they have
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            Educational Policy
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        Education policy are the principles and government policy-making in educational sphere, as well as the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems.
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            Presumption of Innocence
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        The principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty.
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            Impartial Tribunal
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        A forum in which justice is administered that does support one party more than any other parties
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            Right against Self-Incrimination
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        Anything a criminal says or does will be held against in a court of law, the right to remain silent.
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            Double Jeopardy
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        A person cannot be tried for the same crime twice
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            Right of Appeal
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        The right to ask a court or other official body to consider changing a decision that you disagree with
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            Popular Sovereignty
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        People should have the right to rule themselves
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            Checks and Balances
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        No one branch can become too powerful, each branch can check each other.
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            North Carolina Constitution
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        The governing document creating the structure and function of the state of North Carolina.
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            Jury Duty
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        When you are asked to participate in a trial on the jury by the court of law.
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            Volunteerism
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        The use or involvement of volunteer labor, especially in community services.
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            Petition
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        A formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority with respect to a particular cause.
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            Candidate
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        A person who applies for a job or is nominated for election.
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            Sedition
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        Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.
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            Selective Service
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        Service in the armed forces under conscription.
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            Eminent Domain
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        The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.
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            Citizenship Requirements
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        Requirements needed to be able to run for a position in the government, like President or Senator or House Representative.
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            Patriotism
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        Patriotism is, generally speaking, cultural attachment to one's homeland or devotion to one's country.
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            Public Hearings
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        A type of public meeting
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            Forums
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        A place, meeting, or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged.
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            At-large voting
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        A descriptive term for the election of public officials by an entire governmental unit rather than by subdivisions of the unit.
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            Local Initiatives
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        A procedure by which a specified number of voters may propose a statute, constitutional amendment, or ordinance, and compel a popular vote on its adoption.
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            Referendums
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        A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
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            Appellate Jurisdiction
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        The right to review cases that are appealed to them be people who believe their rights were violated in a trial
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            Exclusive Jurisdiction
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        Court cases in which federal courts have jurisdiction
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            Original Jurisdiction
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        The power to hear a case for the first time
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            State Courts
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        A court in the state judicial system, rather than the federal judicial system, that decides cases involving state law or the state constitution.
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            Federal Courts
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        These have exclusive jurisdiction in cases involving the Constitution, federal laws, and maritime laws.
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            Oral Argument
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        Spoken to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer of the legal reasons why they should prevail.
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            Court Docket
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        A docket in the United States is the official summary of proceedings in a court of law.
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            Prosecution
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        Representation of the plaintiff
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            Defendant
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        Party being accused
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            Complaint
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        The document that sets forth the basis upon which a person is to be charged with an offense.
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            Plaintiff
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        The party accusing another of wrong doing.
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            Hearing
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        An opportunity to state one's case.
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            Bail
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        The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money be lodged to guarantee their appearance in court.
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            Indictment
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        A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.
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            Sentencing
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        Declaring the punishment decided for an offender.
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            Appeal
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        An application to a higher court for a decision to be reversed.
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            DEA
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        Regulates interstate commerce in prescription drugs to prevent them from being used as drugs of abuse.
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            CIA
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        An external intelligence service of the U.S. Government, tasked with gathering, processing and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence
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            National Guard
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        The primary reserve military force, partly maintained by the states but also available for federal use.
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            Better Business Bureau
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        Any of a nationwide system of local organizations, supported by business, whose function is to receive and investigate customer complaints of dishonest business practices.
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            IRS
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        Responsible for the collection and enforcement of taxes.
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            Immigration and Naturalization Service
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        Handles legal and illegal immigration and naturalization.
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            FEMA
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        A US government body intended to coordinate responses to a disaster in the US itself.
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            ATF
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        A part of the government dealing with the control of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.
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            Declare War
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        A formal act by which one nation goes to war against another.
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            Treaty
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        A formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries.
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            Domestic Policy
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        Government programs, and administrative decisions which are directly related to all issues and activity within a nation's borders.
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            Foreign Policy
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        A government's strategy in dealing with other nations.
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            Foreign Aid
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        Money, food, or other resources given or lent by one country to another.
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            Salary
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        A fixed compensation periodically paid to a person for regular work or services.
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            Wage
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        Money that is paid or received for work or services, as by the hour, day, or week.
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            Social Security
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        A federal insurance program that provides benefits to retired people and those who are unemployed or disabled.
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            Welfare
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        Financial support given to people in need.
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            Entrepeneur
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        Someone who risks their capital to produce and make a profit.
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            Rent
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        A tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land.
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            Mortgage
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        A debt instrument, secured by the collateral of specified real estate property, that the borrower is obliged to pay back with a predetermined set of payments.
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            Fiscal Responsibility
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        You have a financial responsibility
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            Budget
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        An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.
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            Income
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        Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.
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            Gross Pay
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        The total amount of remuneration before taxes and other deductions are removed.
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            Net Pay
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        Gross wages or gross salaries minus withholdings for payroll taxes and other items such as insurance, union dues, United Way, etc.
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            Fixed Expenses
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        Those that do not fluctuate with changes in production level or sales volume.
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            Variable Expenses
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        Costs that vary depending on a company's production volume; they rise as production increases and fall as production decreases.
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            Financial Plan
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        A comprehensive evaluation of someone's current and future financial state by using currently known variables to predict future cash flows, asset values and withdrawal plans.
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            Money Management
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        The process of budgeting, saving, investing, spending or otherwise in overseeing the cash usage of an individual or group.
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            Investing Plan
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        The placing of funds into the proper investment vehicles based on the investor's future goals, time horizon, and priorities.
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            Checking Account
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        An account at a bank against which checks can be drawn by the account depositor.
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            Savings Account
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        A deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution that provides principal security and a modest interest rate.
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            Deposits
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        A sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest.
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            Withdrawals
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        An act of taking money out of an account.
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            Transfers
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        Move from one place to another.
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            Automated Transactions
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        A method for enabling a transaction of electronic funds and physical goods between a buyer and a seller.
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            Fees
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        A payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services.
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            Debt
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        Something, typically money, that is owed or due.
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            Credit
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        The ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.
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            Credit Card
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        A small plastic card issued by a bank, business, etc., allowing the holder to purchase goods or services on credit.
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            Credit Score
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        A number assigned to a person that indicates to lenders their capacity to repay a loan.
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            Loan
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        A thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest.
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            Stock Market
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        The market in which shares of publicly held companies are issued and traded either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets.
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            Bonds
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        A debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate.
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            Mutual Funds
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        An investment program funded by shareholders that trades in diversified holdings and is professionally managed.
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            Retirement Plans
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        Planning one does to be prepared for life after paid work ends, not just financially but in all aspects of life.
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            Consumer Protection Laws
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        A group of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers as well as fair trade, competition and accurate information in the marketplace.
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            Federal Trade Commission
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        Does promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly.
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            Identity Theft
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        The fraudulent acquisition and use of a person's private identifying information, usually for financial gain.
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            Personal Information Disclosure
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        A process of communication through which one person reveals themselves to another.
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            Online Scams
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        A general way to define the different types of fraud that consumers face when using the Internet.
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            Ponzi Schemes
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        A form of fraud in which belief in the success of a nonexistent enterprise is fostered by the payment of quick returns to the first investors from money invested by later investors.
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            Investment Scams
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        A deceptive practice in the stock or commodities markets that induces investors to make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information, frequently resulting in losses, in violation of securities laws.
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            Internet Fraud
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        A crime in which the perpetrator develops a scheme using one or more elements of the Internet to deprive a person of property or any interest, estate, or right by a false representation of a matter of fact, whether by providing misleading information or by concealment of information.
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            Do Not Call Lists
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        The "do not call" list is a registry of phone numbers in the United States that telemarketers are prohibited from calling in most circumstances.
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            Terms and Conditions
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        Rules which one must agree to abide by in order to use a service.
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            Car Insurance
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        A policy purchased by vehicle owners to mitigate costs associated with getting into an auto accident.
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            Health Insurance
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        A type of insurance coverage that pays for medical and surgical expenses that are incurred by the insured.
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            Renters Insurance
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        An insurance policy which provides most of the benefits of homeowners' insurance.
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            Life Insurance
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        Insurance that pays out a sum of money either on the death of the insured person or after a set period.
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            Liability Insurance
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        Insurance policy that protects an individual or business from the risk that they may be sued and held legally liable for something such as malpractice, injury or negligence.
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            Travel Insurance
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        Insurance that is intended to cover medical expenses, trip cancellation, lost luggage, flight accident and other losses incurred while traveling, either internationally or within one's own country.
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            Disability Insurance
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        A program managed by the Social Security Administration that insures a worker in case of a mishap.
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            Natural Disaster
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        A natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.
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            Attorney General
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        The principal legal officer who represents a country or a state in legal proceedings and gives legal advice to the government.
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            Secretary of State
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        The head of the State Department, responsible for foreign affairs.
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            Resources
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        A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
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            Traditional Economy
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        Economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs shape the goods and the services the economy produces.
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            Command Economy
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        An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
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            Market Economy
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        An economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.
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            Mixed Economy
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        An economic system combining private and public enterprise.
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            Private Property
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        A legal designation of the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.
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            Free Enterprise
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        An economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.
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            Circular Flow
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        The circular flow of income is a neoclassical economic model depicting how money flows through the economy.
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            Profit Motive
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        The intent to achieve monetary gain in a transaction or material endeavor.
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            Supply and Demand
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        The amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.
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            Equilibrium Price
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        Where the supply of goods matches demand.
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            Quantity
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        A particular or indefinite amount of anything.
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            Monopoly
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        The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.
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            Oligopoly
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        A state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.
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            Employment
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        The condition of having paid work.
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            Unemployment
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        A person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
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            Comparative Advantage
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        The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.
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            Exchange Rates
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        The value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another.
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            Balance of Trade
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        The difference in value between a country's imports and exports.
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            Tariffs
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        A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
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            Quotas
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        The share or proportional part of a total that is required from, or is due or belongs to, a particular district, state, person, group, etc.
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            Sanctions
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        A threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.
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            Subsidies
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        A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.
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            Embargos
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        An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
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            Business Cycle
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        A cycle or series of cycles of economic expansion and contraction.
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            Gross Domestic Product
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        The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.
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            Consumer Price Index
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        An index of the variation in prices paid by typical consumers for retail goods and other items.
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            Monetary Policy
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        Monetary policy is one of the ways that the U.S. government attempts to control the economy.
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            Fiscal Policy
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        Fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection and expenditure to influence the economy.
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            Interest Rates
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        The proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower, typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding.
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            Production
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        The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials.
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            Standard of Living
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        Personal income - taxes
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            Recession
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        A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced.
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            Depression
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        A long and severe recession in an economy or market.
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            Labor Unions
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        An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
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            Federal Reserve
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        National bank
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            Nonprofit Organizations
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        Business that provide goods and services but not to make money.
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            Cooperatives
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        Organization where a number of people who share the costs of businesses.
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            Wall Street
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        A street in lower Manhattan that is the original home of the New York Stock Exchange.
