Earth Science: Study Guide: Chapter 2 Lessons 1-3 – Flashcards
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mineral
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a naturally occurring solid that can form by inorganic processes and that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition
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crystal
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has repeating pattern of a mineral's particles to form a solid
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inorganic processes
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all minerals must be able to be formed by_________ _________; doesn't involve something that once was alive
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coal
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not a mineral
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compounds
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almost all minerals are _________ (combinations of 2 or more other elements)
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pure form; compound
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some elements form in a ____ ____, not as part of a ________ (gold, copper, garnet)
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characteristic properties
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each mineral has ______________ _________ that can be used to identify it
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powder
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the streak of a mineral is the color of its ______. the streak of a mineral doesn't change
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luster
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term used to describe how light is reflected from a mineral's surface
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hardness
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determined by the streak test
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Mohs Hardness Scale
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used to rank the hardness of minerals. the scale ranks from 1-10
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talc; diamond
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softest mineral; hardest mineral
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characteristic density
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each mineral has a ______________ _______
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Density=mass/volume
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mathematical equation for density
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crystal structure
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repeating pattern of a mineral's atoms form a minerals _______ _________
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cleavage
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property when a mineral splits easily along flat surfaces
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fracture
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describes how a mineral looks when it breaks apart into irregular ways
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crystallization
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process by which atoms are arranged to form a material that has a crystal structure
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organic process, solutions, crystallize
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minerals can form in 3 ways: some form from _______ _________, many crysatllize from materials dissolved in _________, and many minerals ___________ as magma and lava cool
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solution
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mixture in which one substances is dissolved with another
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vein
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narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is different from surrounding rock
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rock-forming minerals
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include about 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks in the Earth's crust
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granite
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generally light colored rock that has a high silica content; has large crystals
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gneiss
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(sounds like nice) is often confused with granite. "It's Nice, but don't take it for Granite."
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basalt
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dark colored rock that has a lower silica content than garnite
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mineral crystals; basalt
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the _______ ________ in ______ are too small to see with the naked eye
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grains
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most rocks are made up of particles of mineral or other rocks
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texture
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look or feel of a rock's surface
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grain sizes
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coarse, fine, or no visible grain
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grain patterns
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swirls or bands that create visible patterns. banded or nonbanded
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grain shapes
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generally rounded grains (conglomerate) or jagged grains (breccia)
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igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock
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geologists have classified rocks into 3 major groups
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igneous rock
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forms from the cooling of magma or lava; classified by their origin, texture and mineral composition
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sedimentary rock
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forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of living plants or animals are pressed and cemented together
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metamorphic rock
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forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure, or by chemical reactions
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extrusive rock
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igneous rock formed from lava that erupted onto the Earth's surface (hint: _________=Exit=outside Earth's crust)
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intrusive rock
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rock that formed when magma hardened beneath the Earth's surface (hint: _________=In=Inside earth)
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rapidly cooling lava
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forms fine grained igneous rocks with small crystals
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slowly cooling lava
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forms from course grained rocks
