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economic

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There is considerable variation in spatial extent, population, cultural traits, and levels of __ and social development in Southeast Asia.

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations

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__ has brought a new level of regional cooperation to the area with a goal of the countries in the region to control - rather than to be controlled by - external global forces.

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mainland

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Like the Caribbean, the area consists of a __ region and a marine region.

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tropical

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The mainland of Southeast Asia is __ and the island region is equatorial.

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buffer

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SE Asia has been a __ zone between the two larger civilizations of India and China.

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dominant

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There is no single __ country in SE Asia.

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larger

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Southeast Asia is slightly __ than South Asia -1.7 million square miles.

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crossroads

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SE Asia is at a strategic location at the __ of Asian cultures.

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Malacca

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Important shipping lanes through the straits of __.

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Laos

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All countries are marine oriented - except __ which is landlocked.

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mountain

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The mainland is dominated by long parallel-folded __ ridges that separate the major river basins. These mountains are extensions of the Himalayas to the east.

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archipelagos

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The island __ are on the edge of plate boundaries, the Philippines are at the boundary between the Pacific plate and the Philippine plate.

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Indonesia

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__ is at the boundary between Eurasian plate and the Australian-Indian plate.

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glaciers

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Even though it is tropical and equatorial, there are mountain __ in Indonesia.

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pacific ring of fire

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Volcanic and earthquake activity is common as this region is part of the __. Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991 having major impacts on the Philippines and global climate.

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tsunami

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The Christmas, 2004 __ that devastated Southeast and South Asia was caused by shifts in the ocean floor along these major faults.

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least

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SE Asia contains the least amount of climatic diversity off all the realms.

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tropical rainforest and tropical monsoon

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Two main climate types of SE Asia.

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tropical rainforest

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Climate type in the equatorial portion of SE Asia.

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tropical monsoon and savanna

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Climate type in the northern portion of SE Asia.

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humid subtropical

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Climate type in northern Laos and Vietnam.

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Mekong

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The __ River is the most important river in SE Asia. It yields more fish than any other river system. Hard navigable river, therefore not a high pop density.

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1200

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Mekong has over __ different fish species.

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delta

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The Mekong __ region has a high population density because of its agricultural productivity.

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dam

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The Mekong River remained in a very natural state until the 1990s when the first __ was built.

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Laos

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It is estimated that 100 large dams are proposed for the Mekong Basin. The biggest dam enthusiast is __ which hopes to build enough hydroelectric projects to power Southeast Asia.

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fisheries

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The greatest damage to the Mekong is being done to the river's __. Over 1 million Cambodians rely on it.

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flooding

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The dams are preventing the seasonal __ and encouraging the conversion of forests to farmland along the floodplain.

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navigable

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Attempts to make the river more __ are also hurting the fishing industry.

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Myanmar

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Irrawaddy & Salween river serves no population base but provides hydro-electric power __.

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Red

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__ River can be found in Vietnam.

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Thailand

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Chao Phraya river in __; is the only river that does not originate in the Tibetan Highlands.

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deforestation

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Many Southeast Asian countries have established bans on the export of raw logs as a result of __.

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plantations

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Forests are not only logged for lumber but are also cleared for oil palm __.

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burning

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Often, the clearing takes the form of __ down the forest creating severe smoke issues that can cover an extensive area such as what occurred in Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Poor air quality also is created from urban smog.

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uplands

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The mainland environments consist of rugged __ interspersed with broad lowlands associated with the large rivers.

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population

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The __ is concentrated in river valleys and coastal deltas.

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coastal

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The __ areas are susceptible to saltwater intrusion, higher storm surges, and longer term potential rising sea levels that can result from climate change.

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insular

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The __ environments are even more prone to climatic conditions.

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typhoons

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__ are tropical cyclonic storms, bring heavy rainfall to the northern reaches of insular Asia. They bring massive flooding and wind destruction killing thousands of people. These storms have increased in their intensity.

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dense

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Relatively __ populations are supported in the region's river deltas, coastal areas, and zones of fertile volcanic soil.

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swidden

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The upland areas with poor soil fertility practice a __ system (also known as "slash-and-burn" agriculture or shifting cultivation) which involves burning down the vegetation to add nutrients to the soil. The are is farmed for several years and then is abandoned once the fertility declines so the vegetation can regenerate.

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cash crops

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In mountainous areas where swidden agriculture can no longer support the population, people sometimes switch over to __.

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golden

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The mountainous northern area of Burma, Laos and Thailand is a large opium production region that is often called the "__ Triangle".

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colonial

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During the __ period, cane sugar, rubber, and other cash crops were introduced in plantation style agriculture.

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imported

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In colonial times, workers were often __ and many Indian and Chinese laborers were brought in or otherwise migrated to these areas.

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commercial

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__ crops today also include tea, copra (dried coconut meat), and oil palm.

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lowlands

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Rice is cultivated primarily in the __.

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rice

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__ is a staple crop throughout all of SE Asia; it is also a cash crop.

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higher

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Southeast Asia has a much __ percentage of cropland in rice than either South Asia or East Asia.

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growth rates

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The Philippines and east Timor have high __ reflecting the influence of the Roman Catholic Church on family planning.

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TFRs

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Laos and Cambodia have high __ because of the low level of development (especially Laos).

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below

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Singapore and Thailand have TFRs well __ replacement rates.

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declining

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The Philippines has the classic wide-base pyramid associated with rapid growth while Singapore has the constricted base associated with a __ population.

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transmigration

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Indonesia has an official policy of __ which is the relocation of people from one region to another within a national territory.

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Java

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Indonesia encourages migration from __ to other less populated islands. This is done to relieve population pressures in the densely populated Java as well as to make the other islands more 'Javanese'.

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primate

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Southeast Asia is about 40% urbanized. Many of the region's countries have __ cities (single, large urban settlements that overshadow all others). There are efforts to encourage growth of secondary cities.

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squatter

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Urban primacy is less pronounced in Vietnam and Indonesia. __ settlements are common in this region.

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Kuala Lumpur

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__ in Malaysia is Southeast Asia's largest city.

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Singapore

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__ is a city-state, with modern infrastructure and no squatter settlements.

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Chinese

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Singapore has a very strategic location where the Strait of Malacca narrows. Today, __ comprise about 76% of the population.

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Theravada

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The second wave of Buddhism in 13th century brought __ Buddhism. It came from India and Sri Lanka and became the dominant form of Buddhism in Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia.

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Mahayana

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__ Buddhism had spread into the Red River region of Vietnam from China by 200 C.E. and most of its adherents in Southeast Asia are Vietnamese.

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Chinese

answer

Among all peoples, the __ have the highest number of descendents living outside of their country of origin. 80% of all migrated Chinese live in SE Asia.

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communities

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In every Southeast Asian country there are Chinese __.

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ethnic

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Besides the Chinese who live in Southeast Asia, another influence is the many Southeast Asian __ groups who migrated from Southern China as the Chinese Empire expanded.

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kingdoms

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From either India or China, Buddhism took over the mainland of Southeast Asia. During the period of __ among the states of mainland Southeast Asia, Buddhism became the state religion.

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animism

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Throughout Southeast Asia, __ (the belief in spirits) is blended with Buddhism, particularly in the rural villages.

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Arab

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In the maritime region, __ traders brought Islam between the 7th and 13th centuries.

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Muslim

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Indonesia is the world's most populous __ country with 87%.

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Christianity

answer

The Spanish and Portuguese brought __ in the 16th century in the Philippines and East Timor respectively.

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conversion

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Christianity __ was greatest among Animists in Southeast Asia's highland regions.

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communism

answer

Religious practices have been strongly discouraged in Vietnam, and in Laos since __ took hold.

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greater

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There is a __ diversity of the major religions in Southeast Asia than in any other region of the world.

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linguistic

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Southeast Asia has five major __ groups, with several hundred distinct languages.

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Austronesian

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The __ languages extends from Madagascar to Easter Island. Today, almost all of the insular Southeast Asian languages are in this Family.

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lingua franca

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Malay became the __ (a language used for trading purposes) of the region.

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Spanish

answer

There is some __ spoken in the Philippines but That has declined over time.

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languages

answer

The Tai-Kadai __ originated in southern China and then spread into Southeast Asia around 1200.

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Vietnamese

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__ was written with Chinese characters until the French changed it to the Roman alphabet.

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Tibeto-Burman

answer

__ Languages are in the northwest of mainland Southeast Asia.

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Papuan

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__ languages are spoken in the western half of the island of New Guinea that is a part of Indonesia.

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colonization

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The Philippines was the most profoundly influenced by its __ by Spain, and later by the U.S. It is quicker to adopt Western culture than other countries.

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Khmer

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The __ Empire was the only major indigenous empire of the region.

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sultanates

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By the 1400s, the political geography had restructured around a series of __ and a new set of mainland kingdoms.

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United States

answer

Portuguese, Dutch, French, British and Spanish who were replaced by the __ in the Philippines were the colonial competitors.

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Portuguese

answer

The __ occupied East Timor - now Timor-Leste (they first to arrive and the last to leave).

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Mexican

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__ shipments of silver bullion and minted coin were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods, mainly silk textiles. There was no direct trade with Spain.

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Suez

answer

The opening of the __ Canal in the 1860s made mainland Southeast Asia feasible for Colonial powers to establish plantation agriculture.

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British

answer

French were established in Indochina; __ conquered the Malaya Peninsula.

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Thailand

answer

Only __ remained independent although it lost part of its territory.

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WWII

answer

Independence came to Southeast Asia after __.

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Geneva

answer

The __ Agreement in 1954 partitioned Vietnam into north and south halves (North Vietnam, South Vietnam).

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Western

answer

Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam, Pathet Lao forces in Laos, and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia all fought to expel __ influences.

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domino

answer

Using the __ theory (fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow), the U.S. sent troops to the region in the 1960s.

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refugees

answer

There were many __ from the region as a result of Vietnam war, including many migrating to the U.S.

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independence

answer

East Timor sought __ from Indonesia because it was never under Dutch rule and is Roman Catholic (it became independent in1999).

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Burman

answer

There is conflict between the __ and non-Burman societies.

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Karen

answer

The __ tribal people living in the mountainous border between Burma and Thailand rebelled against the Burmese government to gain independence.

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Muslims

answer

In Thailand there is a religious, ethnic conflict with the __ who live in the extreme south.

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Spratly

answer

The __ Islands are only important because of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the South China Sea that is associated with them (including oil reserves). They are claimed by many nations.

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Crony capitalism

answer

The Marcos regime instituted __ in which the president's friends were given huge economic favors, while those believed to be enemies had their properties taken.

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decline

answer

Crony capitalism helped lead to the Philippine __.

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entrepot

answer

Singapore has transformed itself from an __ (a port city where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped) to one of the world's most modern states.

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Bumiputra

answer

The wealth of Chinese in Malaysia led to affirmative action for __ ("sons of the soil" Malaysians).

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Industrialization

answer

__ is greatest in the historical core (including Bangkok). One negative industry is "sex tourism" which has been a problem for Thailand.

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political

answer

Unstable economic expansion in Indonesia leads to poverty and __ instability.

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Burma

answer

__ has low economic development, but has great potential. It has abundant natural resources and fertile farmland.

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Chinese

answer

Vietnam is following the __ model of economics; embracing market economies while retaining political forms of communism.

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Cambodia

answer

__ face difficulties from rugged terrain, relative isolation, the ravages of war (1/4 of the population died in the 1970s), and government repression.

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weakest

answer

East Timor has the __ economy in SE Asia.

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significant

answer

There has been __ development in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.

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working

answer

Movements beginning in Europe, the U.S. and elsewhere have put pressure multinational corporations in Southeast Asia to improve __ conditions.

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lead

answer

Singapore and Brunei __ the region in health and education; Laos and Cambodia rank low.

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