EVR 1001 Chapter 5 – Flashcards

GPI the "invisible hand" *These are essential processes such as soil formation, nutrient cycles, the pollination of plants, etc.* neoclassical economics

*Gross Domestic Product* gross primary productivity net primary productivity net domestic product

free riders *natural resources* nonmarket values mixed economy

Economists are forced to use contingent valuation rather than rely on direct costs and benefits. The GDP dips below the GPI. The national GDP drops below the level forecast by Wall Street investors. *This occurs when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies (such as ecosystem services) or when they do not reflect the negative impacts of economic activity on people or the environment (external costs).*

tangential costs internal costs traditional market costs *external costs*

decreased inputs and pollution *increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology* decreased inputs and improvements in technology pollution and increased inputs to the economy

Latin America East Asia *Middle East* Western world

*Citizens of Sub-Saharan Africa tend to have few happy life years as well as a low ecological footprint.* *Citizens of the Western world tend to have many happy life years as well as a large ecological footprint.* Resource consumption in developed nations has increased over time. *The nations of the Middle East show the largest range in both happy life years and ecological footprint.* The larger a nation's ecological footprint, the more happy life years its citizens will have.

free riders *external costs* greenwashing steady state economics ecosystem services

*traditional neoclassical cost-benefit analysis, excluding environmental damage* steady-state economics a centrally planned economy including the dollar value of wetlands' ecosystem services for flood control careful attention to the guidelines outlined by Robert Constanza and colleagues

water pollution human health problems *job security* aesthetic damage

environmental damage and also environmental benefits are external greenwashing to increase public acceptance of products *steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink* the only healthy economy is one that is growing cost-benefit analysis

increased biodiversity and ecosystem services steady-state economics greater availability of goods to poorer nations and people *more resource extraction, waste and pollution* less fossil fuel use and global climate change

belonging to the owner of the private property, to be developed or not by the owner useful for fisheries *important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services* important only for recreational purposes useful to develop for economic purposes

there has been no funding available for any federal projects *the ecosystem services of wetlands has been ignored* wetlands have little or no economic value a system of green taxes is already in place to fund the needed work green taxes have been opposed by state governments

Lake Erie being declared "dead" the Chicago River being reversed (to flow into the Illinois River rather than into Lake Michigan) to move pollution away from Chicago sewage collecting on beaches in San Diego *the Cuyahoga River catching fire*

wilderness area wildlife refuge national forest *national park*

*people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)* corporate polluters were not serving jail time for breaking environmental laws Aldo Leopold published The Land Ethic. the Environmental Protection Agency was not doing its job

promote economic growth *promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources* protect the values of the landowner use natural resources for economically important industrial products preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition

the consumer opinion polls *the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies* lobbying efforts on the part of environmental organizations the lack of good, measurable data from the scientific community laws passed by voters

Whitewashing Ecolabeling *Greenwashing* Ecofeminism

before Congress can pass any law for implementation of any program funded by the World Bank to be put to voters on every local ballot if federal action may affect local environments only by executive order *for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality*

mining and homesteading management of private land preserving endangered species the settlement of the West *reducing pollution caused by industry*

have increased due to human development have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes *have decreased due to human development* have stayed about the same over the past 40 years

there is no use spending money for something we cannot control anyway *government spending priorities have shifted, and flood control funds have been cut* sufficient funding is actually present, but the groups to carry out the work are too small money has been tight, and government spending overall has been reduced there has been no long-term planning that showed a need for flood control

a purely economic pursuit, not including ethical considerations promoting a viable economy and meeting social needs at the expense of the environment *promoting a viable economy while maintaining a viable environment and meeting social needs* what the United States is practicing right now

the legislative branch social science studies the scientific community the judicial branch of government *the public sector*

bypasses the private sector in making improvements to technology is modified by consumer incentives, such as rebates and tax breaks is the product of both consumer advocacy and industrial goals *is independent of any other influences in its effect on forming government policy* bypasses the public sector in determining consumer choices and lifestyles

public ownership *command-and-control* free-rider green tax

Death Valley Grand Canyon *Yellowstone* Glacier National Park Yosemite

*focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals* awakened the American public to negative effects of artificial hormones was the beginning of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy warned of insect pollinator losses through pesticide use was concerned with birth defects in humans

Cornucopian *Sustainable* neoclassical Biocentric

*all countries* no countries only developed countries all but the 10 poorest countries

1.7° F 2.4° F *3.6° F* 4.9° F

auto industry *coal-fired power plants* liquid propane companies ethanol industry

natural gas industry *nuclear industry* oil industry coal industry

Republicans are more likely to support this climate change pact than Democrats. Both Democrats and Republicans are likely to support this climate change pact. Neither Democrats nor Republicans are likely to support this climate change pact. *Democrats are more likely to support this climate change pact than Republicans.*

Calculator nongovernment organization Ecosystem *Economy*

classical economists *ecological economists* neoclassical economists subsistence gatherers

*by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite* by encouraging governments to give subsidies to environmentally damaging businesses by encouraging industry continually to improve technology by forcing buyers to pay for ecosystem services

*Ecological economics* Environmental economics Classical economics Neoclassical economics

production of clean water for human consumption pollination of apple, orange, and peach trees production of oxygen by trees *All of the listed choices are examples of ecosystem services in the United States.*

timber for building homes and factories wood pulp for the many paper factories in the region *fresh water* all of the listed choices

most of these systems are a major source of carbon dioxide they will pay high fines or be sent to prison if they travel into these regions natural environments prevent the formation of damaging weather systems such as hurricanes *the natural environment provides most of their basic needs*

politics; aesthetics aesthetics; ethics *ethics; economics* religion; ethics

*This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices.* stealing power from another entity This is when a group takes more than its fair share. the ability to share transportation even at a great cost

is primarily driven by lobbying comes only from the natural and social sciences and is acted upon without bias comes primarily from the private sector comes from both the public and the private sectors *comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors*

ecosystem goods *Production* ecosystem services Waste

GDP does not include items bought and sold over the Internet. Critics say that this makes the GDP out-of-date and came up with the GPI to add these purchases into the calculations. *The GPI takes into account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values, while the GDP does not.* GPI reflects the total value of goods and services, while the GDP focuses only on the goods produced. The GDP reflects only a single calendar year, while the GPI looks at historical trends and projects into the future.

*Quadrupled.* Tripled. Stayed the same. Doubled.

*Increased only slightly.* Also increased by 2 trillion dollars. Stayed exactly the same. Decreased by 1 trillion dollars.

A lower GDP and lower environmental costs. *A higher GDP and higher environmental costs.* A higher GDP and lower environmental costs. The same GDP and environmental costs.

There is not enough information to compare the 2002 GPI and the 2012 GPI. *Lower than the GPI in 2002.* Higher than the GPI in 2002. The same as the GPI in 2002.

Maintaining current fossil-fuel-based energy sources. Increasing natural resource use to make more material goods. Developing new economic policies that allow increased pollution discharge. *Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use.*

*On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with short antlers when you encounter one?* On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers and a young female deer? *On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little control and 10 is a great deal of control, how much control do you feel you have over the population of deer where you hunt?* On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely is it that the tragedy of the commons is occurring in unfenced estates? *On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers when you encounter one?* On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little and 10 is a great deal, how much do you like to hunt red deer? On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is a little better and 10 is much better, how much better is it to harvest a male deer relative to a female deer? *On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a female deer when you encounter one?*

Revoke the existing laws that regulate the hunting of red deer. Pass a law that restricts harvesting young female deer. Pass a law that restricts harvesting mature male deer. Pass a law that restricts the harvesting of all male deer. *Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer.* Pass a law that outlaws hunting.

*50,000 tons* 50 tons 220,000 tons 220 tons

100 barrels per day 200,000 barrels per day *300,000 barrels per day* 300 barrels per day

*declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200%* declined nearly 50%; increased nearly 100% declined nearly 200%; increased nearly 200% declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 100%

Decreased revenue for corn-growing states *Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides* Increased use of MTBE in corn-growing states Decreased gasoline prices for East and West coast states

an increase in the nontransportation uses of lead a return to the use of leaded gasoline for improved combustion an increased use of MTBE *an increase in water pollution*

carrot and stick limit and manage last chance *command and control* end of the alley