Anatomy Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Gaps in the myelin sheath between schwann cells.
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Know the primary germ layers
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endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
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epiphyseal plate
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growth plate
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ovaries
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primary sex organ of female
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sliding filament theory
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myosin head binds actin filament using a power stoke to move it toward the center of the sarcomere thus shortening it. powered by hydrolysis of ATP
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orbicularis oculi
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closes eye
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testosterone
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most abundant male hormone
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# of chromosomes in human sex cells
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23
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embryonic disk
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inner cell mass of the embryo
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sickle cell anemia
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a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
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Cardiac output of kidneys at rest
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15-30%
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Nonspecific defense
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phagocytosis, species resistance, fever
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Muscle cramp or fatigue is likely due to a lack of
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ATP
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spermatogonia
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Undifferentiated sperm cells
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corpus callosum
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Connects the left & right cerebral hemispheres.
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Examples of hemolytic syndrome
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damage to the lining of blood vessel walls, Kidney failure, destruction of red blood cells
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glands that secrete messenger molecules
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autocrine and paracrine
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Axial portion of the body includes
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both the dorsal and ventral cavity
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large intestine
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Absorbs water and forms feces
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pregnancy
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presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
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cerebral palsy
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partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrum.
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Where are antigens located?
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red blood cell membrane
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neophrectomy
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surgical removal of the kidney
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dura mater
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Outermost layer of the meninges
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Factors that affect breathing
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degree of stretch of the lungs, a person's mental state, chemical changes in the blood
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visceral pericardium
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covers surface of heart
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Muscle fatigue can be caused by an accumulation of ______________________
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lactic acid
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reticular formation
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complex network of tiny islands of gray matter within the brainstem that activates the cerebral cortex to a state of wakefulness
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components of a motor unit
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several muscle fibers and one motor neuron
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oligodendrocytes
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Form myelin sheath in CNS
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main function of the lymphatic system is to
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attack foreign particles
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Rh positive
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Rh factor antigen present in RBCs
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What happens to the filtration rate if blood pressure drops
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it drops
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tetanus
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forceful, sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation
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amniocentesis
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aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
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lymphocytes
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A type of white blood cell that make antibodies necessary for immunity
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dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing
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growth hormone stimulates...
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an increase in the size and division rate of body cells
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Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear _________ (color)
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white
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microturition
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expelling urine from the urinary bladder
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What 2 things are necessary for a skeletal muscle contract?
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ATP and a nerve impulse
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What is the primary sex organ of a male?
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testis
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Which muscle assists in the emptying of the urethra?
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bulbospongiosus
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How many functional eggs are produced during oogenesis?
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1
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How much urine is water?
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95%
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Organs of the pelvic cavity
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Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, internal male and female reproductive structures.
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parietal pericardium
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Outermost layer of the serous membrane around the heart.
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Where does digestion begin?
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mouth
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respiration
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entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells
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sacromere
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smallest contractile unit of muscle
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masseter is used for
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chewing
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What cell does HIV affect?
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T cells
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The life span of a red blood cell is
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120 days
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coronal section
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frontal plane: a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior ; posterior parts
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obliques cause your _______________ to fles
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abdominal muscles
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The humerous is commonly called the __________
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upper arm
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The large intestine is __________ long
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1.5 meters
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male external reproductive organs
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scrotum and penis
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uterus
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A hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female, in which the embryo is nourished and develops before birth
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neuroglial cells
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cells of the nervouse system that fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis
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horomone
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a substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood.
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peristalsis
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Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
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On what day of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
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14
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cellular respiration
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process of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level
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lymphatic system
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system that includes a network of vessels that transport lymph fluid
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Simple columnar epithelial tissue is fond in the lining of the ...
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Stomach
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genes
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inherited traits are determined by DNA sequences
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ventricles (of the brain)
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the interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain
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oogenesis
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process of egg cell formation
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Femur is commonly know as_____________
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thigh bone
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stratum cornem
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outer most layer of the epidermis
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secondary sex characteristics of a female
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increased vascularization of skin, development of breast, increased deposition of adipose tissue
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How much urine do we produce on an average day?
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.6-2.5 liters
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Nails are produced by epidermal cells that undergo______________
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keratinization
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glucagon
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Raises blood glucose levels
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glomerular filtration
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filtration of the plasm by the glomerular capillaries
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urea
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by product of amino acid catabolism
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An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how the rate at which the heart beats is affected by temperature changes is most likely to be a
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physiologist
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anatomical position
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Individual is standing upwards in position facing forward, arms to the side with palms facing forward.
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Blood flow through the glomerulus through the ______ arteriole and blood is drained away from the glomerulus through a small ____ arteriole
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afferent; efferent
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visceral pleura
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Thin membrane that covers the lungs.
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A person with type AB blood have _____ antigens
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AB
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nonspecific defense
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a mechanism which is quite general and protects againest many types of pathogens
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Myofibrils are composed primarily of
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Actin ; myosin
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twitch
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a single contraction of a muscle that lasts only a fraction of a second
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oxytocin
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A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
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phagocytosis
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the removal of foreign particles from the lymph fluid as it moves from the interstitial space to the blood stream
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digestion, respiration, and excretion would all be included in
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metabolism
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The ___ contains lymphocytes and macrophages which filter out dead red blood cells and foreign particles out of the blood
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spleen
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spongy bone
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bone that consist of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces
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When looking through a microscope, simple squamous epithelial tissue appears to have
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one layer of thin flattened cells
