question

Economics

answer

The study of choices that individuals and societies make in the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

question

Economy

answer

Any system for the production,distribution, and consumption of goods.

question

Good

answer

A material thing that people want and for which they will pay

question

Service

answer

Produced by labor for which people expect to pay

question

Want

answer

Something that a human desires to have

question

Market

answer

A place to buy and trade goods

question

Supply

answer

The quantity of goods for sale at a certain price and under certain circumstances

question

Demand

answer

The amount of goods bought for a certain price under certain circumstances

question

Producer

answer

Person working to produce goods

question

Consumer

answer

Person purchasing the goods produced

question

Value

answer

Scarcity

question

Economic system that Governor Bradford found contrary to God's wisdom

answer

Communal Economy

question

Name given to authorities on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

answer

Economists

question

Term used for an economist's prediction of what will happen to an economy

answer

Economic Forecast

question

The first thing to understand about economics

answer

All goods have to be worked for.

question

The old word for the bad habit of spending more than one can fford

answer

Prodigality

question

Type of good that is also called an investment good

answer

Capitol goods

question

Type of good produced to directly satisfy people's wants

answer

Consumer goods

question

Founder of the Austrian School of economics

answer

Karl Menger

question

Economic Law

answer

The general rules or principles guiding the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

question

Mercantilism

answer

The aim of this economic system was to build up the state's treasury

question

Trade balance

answer

the difference in the value of goods that a country sells abroad compared to what it purchases in other countries

question

Tariffs

answer

Tax a government places on imported goods

question

Imperialism

answer

The establishment of colonies in other countries to benefit the mother country.

question

Physiocrats

answer

French economists who favored a "natural" economy

question

Laissez-faire

answer

'Let it alone'

question

Classical Economics

answer

The theories developed in the 19th and 20th century that advocated the free market system

question

Division of labor

answer

The separation of work to be performed

question

Specialization

answer

The best job someone can do

question

Economic goal of mercatilism

answer

To build the state's treasury

question

Group that made the first attempt to create a science of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

answer

Physiocrats

question

Famous book written by Pierre Samuel Du Pont

answer

Physiocracy

question

Father of Economics

answer

Adam Smith

question

Name of Adam Smith's most famous book

answer

The Wealth of Nations

question

The practical purpose of economics

answer

To understand the production, distribution, and consumption of goods

question

Six ways given in the text that nations have used in their attempts to increase wealth

answer

1.Produce more goods from existing resources 2. Increase the amount of resources available for the production of goods 3. Find new resources to satisfy existing wants 4. Make goods already being produced more effective in satisfying people's wants 5. Reduce people's wants 6. Redistribute the goods that are already being produced among the population

question

True source of prosperity

answer

Diligent work directed by ingenious intelligence allowed to develop under conditions of freedom

question

Mixed Economy

answer

A mix of completely regulated system and a completely free system (neither of which exists)

question

Labor

answer

Any work that contributes to the production of goods and services

question

Subsistence Economy

answer

An economic system that provides barely enought to keep a society alive

question

Private Capitalism

answer

The system in which the majority of a nation's capital is owned and controlled by private individuals and businesses

question

State Capitalism

answer

A system in which the owner of much of the nation's capital is a powerful, centralized apparatus called the collectivist state

question

Capitalist

answer

Anyone who owns producer goods or owns a share of some business that produces goods

question

Entrepreneur

answer

A person who undertakes management of economic enterprises on a bold scale, with some danger of losing his investment of money and time.

question

The Four Factors of Production

answer

Natural Resources Labor Capital Entrepreneurship

question

Three main types of economics

answer

Traditional Economy command Economy Free enterprise economy

question

System in which people are assigned jobs by a centralized authority

answer

Command Economy

question

French entrepreneur who was the first to produce quality gunpowder in the United States

answer

Eleuthere Irenne Du Pont

question

Capitalism's three basic components

answer

Property Rights Freedom of enterprise Competition in a market environment

question

Three types of property

answer

Real Property Financial Property Intellectual Property

question

Two components of the market in a free enterprise economy

answer

Resource Market Product Market

question

Two entities that make the majority of economic decisions in the free market

answer

Private Households Private Businesses

question

Market Price

answer

Value in Exchange

question

Marginal Utility, Total Utility

answer

The amount of satisfaction that results from a one unit increase of a product, the total amount of satisfaction received from everything added together

question

Law of Demand, Law of Supply

answer

Explains the inverse relationship between the price of a good and the amount that people choose to buy, law of supply states the direct relationship between the price of a good and the amount that supplies will make available

question

Demand Curve, Supply Curve

answer

Demand curve is a graphic representation of the amount of goods purchased at different prices, a supply curve is a graphic representation of the quality of goods supplied at different prices.

question

Substitute Good, Complimentary Good

answer

A substitute good is a product many consumers buy when the price of another same good rises, a complimentary good is a good with negative cross elasticity of demand in contrast to a substitute good

question

Equilibrium

answer

The place at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal

question

Surplus, Shortage

answer

A surplus is if the quantity of goods supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a given price. A shortage is the situation in which the quantity exceeds the quantity supplied at a given price.

question

Price Ceiling, Price Floor

answer

A price ceiling is when governments place a limit on how much a producer may charge for his product. A price floor is a price level set above the equilibrium price

question

The difference between value in use and value in exchange

answer

Value in use is the value that is directly related to the benefits their owners receive through their use. Value in exchange is what a particular good is worth in exchange for some other good

question

Term that refers to the amount of money that a buyer pays a seller for a good

answer

Market Price

question

Two effects used to explain why price changes influence the quantity demanded of a good

answer

Change in supply and change in demand

question

Five factors that can increase or decrease the supply of a good.

answer

Technology Resource Prices Prices of Related Goods Number of Sellers Producer Expectations Government Taxes, Subsidies, and Regulations

question

Market Signals

answer

Signs that are used by consumers and producers to determine how much of a good to buy or sell at a give price and time

question

Durable Good

answer

A good expected to last more than three years

question

Black Market

answer

An alternative, illegal system in which one can exchange goods.

question

Private sector

answer

That part of an economy that is controlled by private individuals, businesses, and organizations

question

Public sector

answer

That part of an economy that is controlled by national, state, and local governments

question

Profit Motive

answer

This urge to work at bettering one's economic situation

question

Profit

answer

The excess of the total revenue paid by buyers for goods over the seller's total expense of producing these goods

question

Opportunity costs

answer

The cost of giving up one opportunity in order to pursue another.

question

Means through which sellers and buyers exchange goods

answer

Market

question

Economic system in which the choices of individuals are limited by the constraints of convention

answer

Traditional Economy

question

Who makes the economic decisions in a command economy? In a free economy?

answer

Why is this an important distinction between the two economic decisions. In a free economy, economic decisions are made by individuals. It shows why some economies are more successful than others or vice versa

question

Why are countries that let people respond to the inborn profit motive better off than those countries that do not

answer

The consumer and everyone else who demands goods have a better knowledge of what goods are to be produced and in what quantity.

question

What are the differences between an accountant's and an economist's definition of profit?

answer

The accountant's view of a business's profit is its total revenue excluding the cost of depreciation. To an economist, profit is the excess of total revenue paid by producers for goods over the seller's total expense of producing those goods.

question

Do most businesses make a large profit under the free market system? Explain your answer.

answer

No. There are two reasons why large profits from businesses are rare. The first is that even when the laws of supply and demand are allowed to work, interrupted by the government, businesses cannot raise the prices it charges for its products above that price which its competitors are charging.

question

In a free market, how might a firm that does not make a true profit still stay in business?

answer

Ordinarily these types of firms receive return from their invested capital and their wage of management

question

Explain why a small-business owner whose only income is what economists call the wage of management is not making true profit.

answer

Economists say that owners have not made true benefits they have simply paid themselves the wage or cost of managements. Most businesses simply get back their cost of doing businesses. They break even.

question

Industry

answer

Firm that produces products and services similar to those of other industries

question

Perfect competition

answer

Pure competition

question

Characteristics of pure competition

answer

(a)There must be a large number of independent sellers (b)There must be a large number of independent buyers (c)The industry must be one in which all firms produce a standardized product (d) Firms must have free access to the market (e) Relevant market information must be made available to all firms and information

question

Price taker

answer

The firm takes whatever price it can get

question

Monoply

answer

The situation that arises when a single firm is the only supplier of a good for which no substitute exists

question

Monopolistic competition

answer

Each firm promotes a differentiated product

question

Oligopoly

answer

A market that occurs when an industry is dominated by only a few firms

question

Trust

answer

A collusion of businesses which join together to restrict or eliminate competition

question

Price discrimination

answer

Selling the same type of goods at different prices to different buyers.

question

The goal of economic competition

answer

To prove the quality of goods and lower the prices

question

Motive upon which competition is based

answer

To make possible a better standard of living for everyone in a prosperous society

question

Five Characteristics of perfect competition

answer

(a)There must be a large number of independent sellers (b)There must be a large number of independent buyers (c)The industry must be one in which all firms produce a standardized product (d) Firms must have free access to the market (e) Relevant market information must be made available to all firms and buyers

question

Three characteristics of a monopoly

answer

(a)The situation that arises when a single firm is the only supplier of a good or service (b)There must be no close substitutes for the firm's product (c)Entry into the market must be blocked

question

Three characteristics of monopolistic competition

answer

There must be a large number of firms in the market These firms provide differentiated products Firms are able to easily enter or exit the market

question

Three characteristics of an oligopoly

answer

(a)There are only a few firms in the entire industry (b)Firms in an oligopoly may sell products that are either differentiated or virtually the same (c)Potential firms are able to easily enter or exit the market

question

The biggest defender of the American freedom from harmful monopolies

answer

The free market itself

question

Two of the most important acts under the antitrust laws

answer

The Sherman Act of 1890 and the Clayton Act of 1914

question

Government agency whose purpose is to investigate trade practices

answer

Federal trade commission

question

Eight situations in which government may need to stop the abuse of the market

answer

1. When a business compromises national security 2. When a business threatens the safety or health of consumers through fraud or deceit 3. When a company or group of companies conspires to hinder free competition in the marketplace. 4. When a national emergency, such as war, disrupts the normal market cycle. 5. When a labor organization breaks the law or uses intimidation tactics against workers. 6. When the public safety or national security is endangered by labor strikes or unrest 7. When the purchasing of private property is necessary for the public good or safety 8. When the industry is under a natural monopoly

question

Efficiency

answer

The quality of producing effectively with a minimum of waste

question

Input

answer

The total amount of a good that is produced

question

Total Cost

answer

The sum cost of all factors of all the factors of production used in

question

Average Cost(of production)

answer

the sum of all the factors of production used in producing on unit of a good.

question

Geographic specialization

answer

The production of goods in which a country or region has absolute or comparative advantage.

question

Free Trade

answer

The result of no restrictions or penalties placed upon the trading of goods.

question

The two methods by which a producer can improve his efficiency and profitability

answer

Taking into consideration his input and output

question

Type of work that creates the wealth of nations

answer

Intelligent work

question

The system Henry Ford used to produce

answer

"America Mass Production" via the assembly line

question

The theory that domestic manufacturers need government to guard against foreign competition

answer

Protectionism

question

Five specific situations in which it would not be beneficial for the United States to engage in free trade with another nation

answer

1. When a nation is notorious for breaking trade agreements 2. When a nation devalues or inflates currency 3. A nation counterfeits money 4. A nation illegally duplicates patented or copyrighted goods 5. A nation seizes American assets or engages in other dishonest practices to damage our economic system

question

Money

answer

Anything that is generally accepted as forms of payment

question

Barter

answer

The direct exchange of one good for another good without a standard form passing from hand to hand

question

Specie

answer

Coined metallic money

question

Face value

answer

The asserted value

question

Inflation

answer

When the level of prices in the market rises because too much money is in circulation

question

Deflation

answer

If prices decrease because money seems more valuable and stable

question

Bullion

answer

Gold, silver, or platinum, usually found in the form of bars, ingots, or plates

question

Fiat money

answer

Legal tender that is backed by nothing but a government's promise

question

Near money

answer

Asset that can be easily converted into M1 because they are highly liquid

question

Monetarism

answer

The theory that the variation in the money supply is the main source of economic fluctuations.

question

Three functions of money

answer

1. To be a medium of exchange 2. To provide a measure of value 3. To provide a store of value

question

Type of money coined in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

answer

Pine tree shilling

question

Six qualities that an ideal money possess

answer

Portability Durability Homogeneity Divisibility Constancy Intrinsic Valuableness

question

Gresham's Law

answer

To spend new and less trustworthy money

question

Three main categories of United States money and what each one includes:

answer

M1- Value of all the balances in various types of transaction accounts M2- non-checkable savings deposits, money market mutual funds, and time deposits M3-money counted in M2

question

Department responsible for printing and coining U.S. money.

answer

United States Department of the Treasury

question

Three main components of the federal reserve

answer

Board of Governors Federal Open Market Committee(FOMC) Federal Reserve Banks

question

20th Century economist associated with . monetarism

answer

Milton Friedman.

question

What are some of the primary advantages and disadvantages of bartering

answer

Advantages • Buyers need not have a money system • Provides convenient means for comparing the value of one good with another

question

...

answer

Disadvantages •Goods may not be readily divisible •Bartering often requires a lot of time and certain hassle

question

For what reason have many government officials been responsible for debasing their national currencies? How could this policy be called a form of taxation?

answer

They have broken trade agreements, devalued and inflated currency, counterfeited money, illegally duplicated patented and/or copyrighted goods, seized American assets and other dishonest practices.

question

Does every form of legal tender have intrinsic value? Why or why not?

answer

Yes. When money is legal tender, it has been declared a valid means of payment

question

Explain how the fractional reserve system of banking was born and how this system.

answer

Fractional reserve banking is a system which allows banks to hold less than 100 percent of deposits in reserve.

question

Is there enough gold in the world to base each nation's currency on a gold standard? Explain

answer

...

question

Why are credit cards not considered a form of money?

answer

It is only a way of obtaining short term loans from the user's credit card company.

question

What is the chief aim of the Federal Reserve? What are its three main tools, and how does the system use them in meeting its objectives?

answer

The chief aim of the Federal Reserve System is to form America's monetary; policy and thereby control the money supply. It's three main tools are the Board of Governors, The Federal Open Market Committee, and The Federal Reserve Banks.

question

Would the Fed likely pursue an easy money policy or tight money policy during a recession? Why?

answer

They would pursue an easy money policy to encourage more spending.

question

Is money moral or immoral? Explain your answer

answer

Money is neither good nor evil. Everything relies on how we make use of the money.

question

Who founded the Austrian School of Economics

answer

Karl Menger

question

What economic riddle did Karl Menger Solve?

answer

Diamond-Water Paradox

question

What is a traditional economy?

answer

A system in which decisions involving the production, distribution, and consumption of goods are based upon custom, heredity, and caste.

question

Throughout history most people have been poor because they lacked what kind of goods?

answer

Capital goods

question

What is an economic system called that provides barely enough to keep a society alive?

answer

Subsistent economy

question

Is a person's house usually considered capital? Why or why not?

answer

Yes. Because it can be traded for goods or a place to produce goods.

question

E.I du Pont's powder mill made especially handsome profits in the year 1812. From your knowledge of history can you suggest a reason why?

answer

Demand. (War of 1812)

question

A demand ______ is a list of numbers that compares quantity demanded with price.

answer

Schedule

question

Define Complimentary good

answer

A good that is sold with another

question

Why is it that governments cannot efficiently set prices that producers and consumers must follow?

answer

The free market will fail.

question

What is an inferior good?

answer

Something of less value

question

If the government were to impose a massive new tax on vehicle manufacturers, how might this affect the automotive industry?

answer

There would be less people buying new cars.

question

Identify two effects used to explain why price changes influence the quantity demanded of a good.

answer

1. Substitution 2. Income

question

What are market signals?

answer

Market signals are signs which consumers and producers use to determine the price of a good is sold for and in what quantity.

question

Economic system in which the choices of individuals are limited by the constraints of convention.

answer

Traditional economic system

question

Economic system also called a planned or directed economy.

answer

Command Economy

question

Economic system in which price is set at the equilibrium point where supply and demand come into balance.

answer

Free Economy

question

Define: Durable good Black Market Opportunity costs

answer

1. A good expected to last at least three years 2. An alternative, illegal way for people to buy and exchange goods 3. The cost of foregoing one opportunity to take another.

question

When firms in an industry that is perfectly competitive, they produce_______ products.

answer

Blank: standardized

question

Each firm in a market that is perfectly competitive is known as a(n)______ taker.

answer

Blank: Price

question

How many suppliers of a good or service are there in an industry with a monopoly?

answer

One

question

A firm that has a monopoly produces goods for which there are no close________

answer

Blank: Substitutes

question

A group of firms that produces similar products or provide similar services is a(n)________

answer

Blank: Industry

question

The goal of economic competition

answer

To provide better goods at lower prices

question

Motive upon which competition is based

answer

To better one's economic situation

question

Perfect competition

answer

Independent sellers

question

Price discrimination

answer

Charging more or less for the same products

question

List the three components of mass production

answer

1.Specialization 2. Distribution of labor 2. Automatic conveyance (the assembly line)

question

What is the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer called?

answer

Comparative advantage

question

The theory that domestic manufacturers need government to guard against foreign competition

answer

Protectionism

question

List the three functions of money

answer

1. To purchase 2. Measure value 3. Store/save wealth

question

What are some of the primary advantages and disadvantages of bartering?

answer

Bartering often takes large amounts of time and there may not be goods to trade. An advantage is that goods may be traded directly for other goods.

question

Why is it beneficial for money to have intrinsic value?

answer

It is easier to measure the value of a good

question

What is the chief aim of the Federal Reserve

answer

To administer the supply of money

question

What are the three main tools used by the Federal Reserve and what does it use them for?

answer

1. Open Market operations 2. Reserve Ratios 3. Discount rates

question

List the three of the 5 harmful government practices discussed in the text

answer

1. Excessive taxation 2. Debasement of money 3. Creation of bureacracy

question

What is a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials and their numerous agencies called?

answer

A bureacracy

question

What can happen to the economy when taxes are too high?

answer

Production will go down, less capital will be bought, and not all needs will be met

question

Why was FDR's New Deal enacted?

answer

To help stimulate the economy by providing temporary jobs

question

Who is Keynesianism named for?

answer

John Maynard Keynes

question

What is the economic philosophy of Keynesianism?

answer

Government planning works better than the 'invisible hand.'

question

What is macroeconomics?

answer

The study of economics on a national and international level.

question

From you knowledge of recent history, can you suggest how wars tend to affect the American economy?

answer

The wars have drained the economy because of the immense costs.

question

Business cycle

answer

recurrent fluctuations in the level of economic activity

question

GDP

answer

gross domestic product is the value of all finished goods and services produced within a country during a year's time

question

Leading indicators

answer

components of the economy that normally change before the rest of the economy

question

consumer price index

answer

based upon the average price consumers have to pay to purchase a specific "market basket" of goods

question

base period

answer

period that serves as a reference point by which measurements are compared

question

stagflation

answer

economic condition where high inflation is combined with high unemployment, resulting in stagnation of productivity.

question

The three criticisms of the market economy mentioned in the text

answer

Business cycle Inflation of money and prices Hard, greedy, and selfish competitive economic system

question

Four components of the business cycle

answer

Expansion Peak Recession Trough

question

Difference between demand-pull and cost-push inflation

answer

Demand-pull inflation is caused when the demand becomes greater than the supply. Cost-push inflation is triggered when businesses face rising production costs, forcing them to increase the prices they charge for their goods

question

Economic theory applied in the 1980's to reduce the effects of stagflation

answer

supply-side economics

question

Why might a person hear more protest about the economy in a country with a free market than in one that is tightly regulated?

answer

In a free market people have more freedom to complain.

question

how does the work of researchers and inventors make a nation more productive?

answer

The nation knows the steps that need to be taken to act on their findings

question

Explain why the opportunity cost of buying a bicycle is normally much greater in command economics than in free market economics.

answer

IT is not a necessity. A person would have to sacrifice legitimate needs to make this purchase.

question

Would the value of goods produced by an American manufacturer located in Mexico be counted in the U.S domestic product? How about the value Japanese products made in the United States?

answer

No. The goods in Mexico would not be counted because they are not made in the U.S The Japanese products made in the U.S would be counted.

question

Why are recessions considered a normal and natural part of a business cycle?

answer

Recessions are times of reduced production, reduced consumption, and reduced employment.

question

Why do economies pay close attention to leading indicators? Should people base their business choices base their business choices solely on on this economic tool? Why or why not?

answer

Yes. When people are aware of where the economy is headed, steps may be taken to fix any dangerous trends.

question

If thousands of workers were to demand wage raises at the same time, would the likely result be demand-pull or cost-push inflation?

answer

Both

question

Explain how supply-side economics can reduce unemployment and increase overall productivity.

answer

Reducing taxes allows for more private research and investment in capital.

question

How can an individual's basic instinct to improve his personal situation result in better conditions for others? How is a market economy harmed when this characteristic is carried too far?

answer

Without motivation, little or no productive work would be done. However, if this 'motivation' is carried too far it turns into greed.

question

Are selfishness and envy really done away with in command economies as their supporters claim? Explain

answer

Selfishness and greed certainly seem stronger in Totalitarian economies, but that doesn't mean that they are nonexistent in command economies.

question

List four components of the business cycle

answer

Peak Trough Expansion Recession

question

What is the difference between demand-pull and cost-push inflation?

answer

When the demand is higher than the supply available. Cost-push inflation is when inflation is when the production costs and supply rises but demand is low.

question

Business cycle

answer

The standard process in which every business goes through.

question

GDP

answer

Gross Domestic Production- The total value of all products produced in the country each year

question

Consumer Price Index

answer

Economist's index/record

question

Leading indicators

answer

Similar to a depression- A time when things just kind of stay the way they are.

question

Nationalism

answer

The promotion of one's own nation and government regardless of moral considerations.

question

Communism

answer

An economic system based upon public ownership and governmental control of the production and distribution of nearly all natural resources.

question

Bourgeois

answer

Property owners

question

Proletariat

answer

The common working class

question

Socialism

answer

Any economic system based upon collective ownership and control of many or most national resources

question

Man who is credited with formulation the basic ideas of communism

answer

Karl Marx

question

Influential pamphlet published by London's economist league

answer

The Communist Manifesto

question

Four terms used in the text that describes different types of socialism

answer

Welfare capitalism, managed capitalism, democratic socialism, and market socialism.

question

Globalism

answer

A philosophy which regards the entire world as one giant community that should be unified politically and economically.

question

UN

answer

United Nations

question

IMF

answer

International Monetary Fund

question

WTO

answer

World Trade Organization

question

GATT

answer

General Agreement in Tariffs and Trade

question

NAFTA

answer

North American Trade Agreement

question

EU

answer

European Union

question

The formal name for the World Bank

answer

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)

question

The three original members of NAFTA

answer

The United States, Canada, and Mexico.

question

The EU's first official currency

answer

The euro

question

The three main organs of the UN and their purposes

answer

The General Assembly, the Security Council, and Economic and Social Council. The general assembly decides how much the UN may spend on its projects; the security COuncil makes decisions converning the UN's involvement in national and international conflicts. The Economic and Social Council study the economic and social problems so that thye may advise the General Assembly and the UN's other specialized agencies.

question

The push for globalization in the 20th century became prominent around the time of which war?

answer

World War 2

question

Why are many European nations eager to join the EU? What roles do the EU have today in addition to promoting free trade?

answer

The EU encourages free market and assures European influence around the world. Today the European Union has replaced its vision of just a free trade alliance with a vision of a unified economic power under a single authority.

question

Give three reasons why global aid organizations are ineffective

answer

1) They fail to keep the peace 2) Restricts countries from making beneficial trades 3) Globalism requires major sacrifices on behalf of a single country and its people

question

List four terms used in the text that describe different types of socialism

answer

Managed Capitalism Market Socialism Democratic Capitalism Welfare Capitalism

question

Define Socialism

answer

Socialism is a deceptive government in which people are often told they will get something for sacrificing something else

question

Define communisim

answer

Communism is when a country is not allowed to determine their choice of jobs or choose to better their living circumstances

question

Who is credited with formulating basic ideas of communism?

answer

Karl Marx

question

According to Communist philosophers, the ________ must be overthrown before social and economic equality can be established

answer

Bourgeois

question

Many of the supporters of strong command economies claim to be atheistic, not believing there is a God. How is the belief that man is the highest being in the universe related to the philosophies promoted by Communism and socialism

answer

There is no freedom of religion or free will.

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