Positive Psychology- Exam 1 – Flashcards
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the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive -positive functioning
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positive psychology
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courage, optimism, interpersonal skill, work ethic, hope, honesty and perseverance
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Seligman's buffers against mental illness
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balanced, more complete view
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positive psychology seeks a _____________, more ________________ of human functioning
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1. What is right with people? -study of assets 2. What is wrong with people? -study of deficits
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Balanced focus 1. 2.
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understand and help people -not "us versus them"
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common goal of both camps is to...
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Optimistic Explanatory Style: Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations. -used science as backbone of research -"further knowledge of what makes life worth living" -President of APA in 1998
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Seligman
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mental illness -refers to a variety of problems a person might have
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pathology perspective focuses on _________________
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the ongoing processes by which people arrive at agreed upon world views or definitions
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reality negotiation
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the perspective or definition that is agreed upon by many people to constitute reality
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social construction
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Westerners -since field of psychology is based mostly on Western and European perspectives
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Origins of positive psychology have focused more on the values and experience of _________________
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-being able to see things clearly for what they are -Eastern view more on natural cycles and balance
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Enlightenment
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1. Athenian 2. Judeo-Christian
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Western traditions 1. 2
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-human strength and virtue is focus of Plato and Aristotle -focus on political community and the development and maintenance of these virtues -rise above hedonistic desire and become more virtuous
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Athenian
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-Old testament: faith, hope and charity -Ten commandments -weight on the virtue of wisdom -7 heavenly virtues- aquinas -the talmud- be hospitable to the poor, be fair in decision making and seek peace every day
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Judeo-Christian
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1. Confucianism 2. Taoism 3. Buddhism 4. Hinduism
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Eastern traditions 1. 2. 3. 4.
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-leadership and education are central to morality -golden rule: do for other as you wish they would do to you -five virtues: humanity, treat others well, etiquette, wisdom, truthfulness
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Confucianism
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-Lao-tzu is founder -tao is the energy that surrounds everyone and is a power that "envelops, surrounds and flows through all things" -cannot learn the "Way" from others, you must experience it -will eventually behave virtuously naturally and without effort
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Taoism
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-seeking the good in others -suffering as a part of being -nirvana is when the self is free from the desire for anything -virtues are love, compassion, joy, and equanimity -end of desire is the end of suffering
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Buddhism
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-no specific founder -interconnectedness of all things, harmonious union -continue to be reborn until you achieve ultimate knowledge of one's self and you enter afterlife -karma- good deeds lead to better placement in life
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Hinduism
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-focus is the single person, who is held above the group in terms of importance -competition and personal achievement are emphasized
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Western cultures and individualism
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-group is valued above the individual -cooperation is accentuated
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Eastern cultures and collectivism
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personal freedom and autonomy
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Western cultures value highly the values of ______________ and _________________
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interdépendance of the group -sharing and duty of the group -stay out of conflict and "go with the flow"
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Eastern societies focus on...
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1. linear 2. goal directed 3.built on strength of hope
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Western pursuit of happiness 1. 2. 3.
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1. Cyclical 2. Yin and Yang 3. built on strength of endurance
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Eastern pursuit of balance 1. 2. 3.
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past future
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Eastern cultures are ___________ oriented while western cultures are _____________ oriented
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rugged individualism and hope
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Western ways to positive outcomes
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-defined by Snyder, goal directed thinking in which a person has the perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals (pathway thinking) and the requisite motivations to use those routes (agency thinking). Snyder believes that hope is not genetically based but an entirely learned and deliberate way of thinking
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Hope
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compassion and harmony
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Eastern ways to positive outcomes
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-challenged label of pathology -diagnosis needs to focus on life process, not states or conditions -power of faith, hope and love
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Karl Menninger
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capacity for feeling, thinking and behaving in a way that allows for optimal functioning in the pursuit of valued outcomes -long way to go in learning how to measure strengths
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Strengths
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naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling or behavior that can be productively applied and manifested in life experiences characterized by yearnings, rapid learning, satisfaction and timelessness
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Talent
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strengths -why our focus is on illness rather than strengths
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Classification of illness has a 2000 year head start on classification of ________________
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1. International Classification of Disease- ICD -by the World Health Organization 2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- DSM-V -by the APA
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2 classifications of illness accepted worldwide
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1. Gallup themes of talent 2. Values in Action Classification of Strengths 3. Search Institute's 40 Developmental Assets
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3 classifications of strengths used by many:
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-"What would happen if we studied what was RIGHT with people" -talent can be studied, accentuated and operationalized in work and academic settings -strength= talent + related knowledge + related skills
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Gallup's Clifton Strengths finder
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-measures 34 talent themes -online measure for adolescents and adults -released in 2007 -valid and reliable
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Strengthfinder 2.0
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-measures 10 talent themes -online measure for children and youth -released in 2006
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Clifton Youth Strength Explorer
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-developed by Peterson and Seligman in 2004 -antithesis of the DSM -provides a common language for strengths -24 strengths that meet 10 criteria -based upon 6 virtues
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Values in Action classification of strengths
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-measure 24 character strengths -online and paper-pencil measure for adults -valid and reliable -sensitive to change over time
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Values in Action Inventory of Strengths- VIA-IS
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-measures 24 character strengths -online measure for adolescents -adequate psychometric properties
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VIA- Youth
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-"what protects children from today's problems?" -40 developmental assets that lead to thriving- 20 external, 20 internal
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The Search Institute's Developmental Assets
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-156 item survey - for children and youth -describes 40 developmental assets, 8 thriving indicators, 5 developmental deficits and 24 risk taking behaviors -psychometrics are unknown -direct focus on environment
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Search Institute's Profile of student life
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-all identify a person's primary strengths -all were created with a western framework
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Comparison of measures of strengths
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self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life -also called emotional well being -Ed Deiner
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subjective well being
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1. Psychological well being- Ryff 2. Social well being - Keyes
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Objective approached to subjective well being 1. 2.
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Complete portrayal of mental health
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Emotional well being + Social well being + Psychological well being=
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a type of well being that consists of coherence, integration, actualization, contribution and acceptance by others
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social well being
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a type of well being consisting of perceptions of affirmed happiness and satisfaction with life, along with balance of positive and negative affect
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emotional well being
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a type of well being that consists of 6 elements: self acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy and positive relation to others
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psychological well being
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high levels of emotional, social and psychological well being
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Flourishing/ Complete mental health
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low levels of emotional, social and psychological well being
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Languishing/ Incomplete mental health
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-one model explains capacity for positive functioning for normative times -another model provides directions for restoring well being during difficult times
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Lent's Integrative Well Being Model
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-a spiritual love that reflects selflessness and altruism -concern for another's welfare and being relatively undemanding for oneself -not most celebrated form of love, but may be the most beneficial -bestowal of love by the divine
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agape
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a form of romantic love characterized by intense arousal that fuels a romantic union
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Passionate romantic love
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-romantic love, including the search for and possession of the beautiful
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Eros
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type of love characterized bt submission and obedience to the divine
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Nomos
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etiology, effects and treatment
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Culture plays a role in _____________, _____________ and _______________ of educational and psychological problems
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cultural influences
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Positive psychology criticized for lack of attention to...
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-race and culture determinants of positive and negative characteristics and behavior -dominant race/culture was European ancestry as superior to all other groups in the US
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Late 1800s, early 1900s perspective on culture
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a view that identifies a host of environmental, nutritional, linguistic, and interpersonal factors (namely, those factors that differ most from European American values) that supposedly explain the physical and psychological growth of members of selected groups -middle of 20th century
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Culturally Deficient Perspective
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the study of methods of reducing "genetic inferiority" by selective breeding especially applied to human reproduction -Control of mating to ensure that "defective" genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations.
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eugenics
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a view of human diversity that suggests that biological difference explains perceived gaps in intellectual capabilities among racial groups. proponents of this perspective believe that those of inferior intelligence cannot benefit from growth opportunities and do not contribute to the advancement of society -pseudoscience used as support
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Genetically Deficient Perspective
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A view of human diversity that recognizes the potential of each culture to engender unique strengths
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Culturally Different Perspective
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A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.
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cultural pluralism
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Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
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cultural relativism
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-Asian Americans are more pessimistic than Caucasians, but not different in optimism -optimism negatively correlated with general psychological symptoms and physical symptoms with Asian Americans but not Caucasians -Pessimism negatively correlated with psychological symptoms for Caucasians but not for Asian Americans
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Chang's research of optimism across cultural groups
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racial pride and resilience
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African Americans show higher levels of ______________ and _______________
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ability to navigate and adapt to an increasingly diverse world
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multicultural personality
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cultural adjustment and quality of life outcomes/well being
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multicultural personality related to...
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1. cultural empathy 2. open mindedness 3. emotional stability 4. initiative 5. flexibility -correlated with well being
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Multicultural Personality Questionnaire 5 factors
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-Culture must be viewed in a broad sense as including facets such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, religion, and nation of origin (Hays, 2008) -individual thoughts and actions
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culture counts
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the life goals we value and pursue -"the good life is in the mind of the beholder"
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Culture is reflection of and determinant of...
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-has always studied adaptability and positive functioning -research focused on what is working - focus on people's self correcting tendencies
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Developmental Psychology
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childhood: birth to age 11 youth: 12 to 25 adulthood: 26 to 59 older adulthood: 60 to death
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childhood, youth, adulthood and older adulthood spans
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-the sequence and content of development are determined mostly by biological factors and the evolutionary history of the species
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Maturational and Biological theory of development
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-humans are conflicted beings and individual differences as well as normal growth result from the resolution of those conflicts -relationship between culture and behavior
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Psychoanalytic theory of development
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-development is a function of the laws of learning, and the environment has an important influence on growth and development
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Behavioral theory of development
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-development is the result of the individual's active participation in the developmental process in interaction with important environmental influences -stage related transformations
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Cognitive-Developmental theory of development
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those who "bounced back" from adversity
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1970s research on resilient children
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-a class of phenomena that is characterized by patterns of positive adaption in the context of significant adversity or risk
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resilience
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-return to normal functioning--not flourishing
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bounce back to what?
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Dr. Emmy Werner -person centered resilience researcher -700 children born in Kauai 1955-1995 -1/3 at risk for social and academic problems at birth -found indicators of resiliency -80% bounced back by the age of 35 -most attributed it to the support of one caring adult
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The mother of resiliency
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1. born with outgoing dispositions 2. able to engage several sources of support -better care during infancy, intelligence, and perceptions of self worth were also accounted for resiliency
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Two primary indicators for resiliency 1. 2.
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-an ongoing, inevitable process in which all youth are engaged and all youth are invested -generates physical and psychological competencies that facilitate adulthood transition -positive qualities of youth, resources in environment and positive youth (caring adults/youth)
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Positive Youth Development
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1. Rewarding bonding 2. Promoting social, emotional, cognitive, behavioral and moral competencies 3. Encouraging self determination 4. Fostering spirituality 5. Nurturing a clear and positive identity 6. Building beliefs in the future 7. Recognizing positive behavior 8. Providing opportunities for prosocial development 9. Establishing prosocial norms
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9 positive outcomes
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-doing more than just surviving -achieving one's potential and living a risk life -giving back to the community and increasing one's well being as a result -set into motion by a "spark"
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thriving
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-structured and semi-structured activities (Big brothers/big sisters) -Organizations that do activities (Boy's club, YMCA) -Growth focused socializing systems (day care centers and schools)
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Forms of youth development programs
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-studied intelligence -saw intelligence as an adaptive quality that leads to success and national leadership -1920s began studying 1500 gifted children -nicknamed "the termites"
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Lewis Terman
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-gifted children were more physically hardy, more healthy, graduated college, secured professional jobs and few went on to become national leaders -high IQ does not guarantee adult successes and better mental health
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Terman study results
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-adding life to years -avoiding disease -engagement with life -maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning -joy, love and learning
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Successful aging
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-1988-1996 by Rowe and colleagues. -assessed physical, social and psychological factors related to abilities, health and well being -1189 adults from age 70 to 79 -followed for an average of 7 years -social support and productivity most relevant to positive psychology
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MacArthur Foundation Study
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-more social support tied to less decline over time -socio-emotional -instrumental -men: more social support from spouse -women: more social support from friends, other relatives than spouse and children
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social support
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-age -marriage -increased skill mastery -sustained physical activity
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Protective factors against decline
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-80 year longitudinal study by Vaillant -256 Caucasian Harvard men -physical examinations, personal interviews and surveys - over 80% lived past age 80
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The Adult Development Study
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Predictors of healthy aging were not smoking/quitting young, coping adaptively, mature defenses, no alcohol abuse, maintaining a healthy weight, stable marriage, exercise and education.
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Adult Development Study results
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-study of 180 Catholic nuns -inverse relationship between positive emotional content in writings and mortality risk 60 years later -experiencing positive emotions at a young age is indicative of lower morality
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Danner et. al. nun study
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-varies depending on cultural identities -more research needed on the cultural aspects of adaptive aging
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Successful aging and culture
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a person's ability to meet the social, educational and occupational expectations of society
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external adaption
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a person's ability to achieve emotional and psychological well being
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internal adaption
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a life task that requires one to cultivate contentment with life and a sense of peace -often accompanied by increased spirituality
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integrity
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person's immediate, physiological response to a stimulus
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affect
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-has a specific and sharpened quality, as it always has an object -mood is objectless -free floating and long lasting
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emotion
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positive emotional state that is subjectively defined by each person
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happiness
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combination of positive affect and general life satisfaction
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subjective well being-2
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also have survival value
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Negative emotions can harm the body but...
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hedonic/pleasure based
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In the past, positive emotions were seen to have ___________ value only
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balanced
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Focus on positive and negative emotions has gotten more______________ recently
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positve-affect-negative-affect scale and allows respondents to self- report the extent to which they feel one of 20 emotional adjectives. The PANAS scale is generally applied to capture the relative amount of positive and negative emotion experienced by a consumer at a given point in time. -Watson and Clark -positive and negative emotion viewed as independent and you can experience both at the same time
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PANAS
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-when experiencing mild positive emotions, people are more likely to help others, be flexible in their thinking and better problem solve -those who found coins in pay phones or were given candy were more likely to help others
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Alice Isen
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-Barbara Fredrickson -Positive emotions broaden momentary thought-action repertoires -positive emotions lead to cognitive flexibility and creativity -negative emotions lead to fleeing response and termination of activities -"broadening effects of positive emotions"
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Broaden and Build Model
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many new thoughts and behaviors instead of dampening our ideas and actions with negative emotions
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Joy opens us up to...
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get sick
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People who scored low on positive emotional scale were 3 times more likely to...
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cause -needs more research
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Positive affect as the __________ of success and other beneficial outcomes
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1. need/goal satisfaction theories 2. process/activity theories 3. genetic/personality predisposition theories
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3 theories of happiness
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-happiness as satisfaction -put forward by leaders of various schools of psychology -Freud= reduction of tension about achieving goals leads to happiness -Maslow= reduction of needs leads to happiness -We are happy because we have met our goals
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Need/goal satisfaction theories
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-engaging in particular life activities leads to happiness -Mike Csikszentmihaly --flow-engagement in interesting activities that match or challenge one's skills -engagement produces happiness
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process/activity theories
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-happiness as stable -personality as the source of happiness -genetic influence as 45% positive emotion and 50% negative emotion with 5% not explained by biology
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genetic/personality predisposition theories
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studied happiness; he saw it as a variable, something that could be changed. created questionnaire that measured happiness. -subjective well being is a synonym for happiness -combination of positive affect and general life satisfaction -The Satisfaction with Life scale
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Ed Diener
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-financial status being above poverty line -married people more happy than not, quality of marriage as well -social relationships
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Determinants of subjective well being
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Aristotle's notion of happiness and flourishing. -comprised of happiness and meaning
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Eudamonia
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character strengths
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Seligman: pleasure and meaning via ___________________
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genetic set point 50% + circumstances 10% + activities 40%
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Lyubomirsky et al
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transcendence present life
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Chinese happiness more focused on _____________ while American's happiness more focused on ___________________
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• High levels of symptoms of emotional, psychological and social well being and the absence of recent mental illness -dimensional and categorical
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Complete State model of mental health
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leader of positive psychology: believes in funds friends and faith as basis of happiness -take control of time -act happy -priority to close relationships -join the movement movement -sleep -keep a gratitude journal -nurture spiritual self -focus beyond the self -seek work and leisure that engages your skills -happiness doesn't come from success
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David Myers
