Chapter 6 MIS – Flashcards
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Refers to the extent of detail within the information (Fine and detailed or course and abstract).
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Information Granularity
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Encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support daily operational tasks.
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Transactional Information
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Encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.
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Analytical Information
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Immediate, up-to-date information.
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Real-time Information
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Provide real-time information in response to requests.
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Real-time Systems
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When the same data element has different values.
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Information Inconsistency
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Occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data.
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Information Integrity Issues
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Is there an incorrect value in the information?
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Accurate
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Is a value missing from the information?
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Complete
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Is aggregate or summary information in agreement with detailed information?
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Consistent
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Is the information current with respect to business needs?
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Timely
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Is each transaction and event represented only once in the information?
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Unique
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Refers to the overall management of the availability, usability, integrity, and security of company data.
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Data Governance
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Maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).
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Database
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Creates, reads, updates and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.
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Database Management System (DBMS)
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Helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database.
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Query By Example Tool (QBE)
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Asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database.
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
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The smallest or basic unit of information.
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Data Element (Data Field)
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Logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures.
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Data Models
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Provides details about data.
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Metadata
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Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model.
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Data Dictionary
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Stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.
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Relational Database Model
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Allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database.
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Relational Database Management System
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Stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event.
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Entity (Table)
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Data element associated with an entity.
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Attributes (Columns or fields)
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A collection of related data elements .
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Record
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A field that uniquely identifies a given record in a table.
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Primary Key
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A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.
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Foreign Key
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Deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device.
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Physical View of Information
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Focuses on how individual users logically access information to meet their own particular business needs.
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Logical View of Information
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The duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places.
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Information Redundancy
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A measure of the quality of information.
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Information Integrity
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Rules that help ensure the quality of information.
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Integrity Constraints
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Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information based constraints.
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Relational Integrity Constraints
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Defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either yes/no or true/false answers.
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Business Rule
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Enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.
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Business Critical Integrity Constraints
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The person responsible for updating and maintaining website content.
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Content Creator
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Includes fixed data incapable of change in the event of user action.
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Static Information
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Includes data that change based on user action.
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Dynamic Information
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An area of a website that stores information about products in a database.
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Dynamic Catalog
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An interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database.
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Data Driven Website
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A logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.
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Data Warehouse
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Every department had its own method for recording data so when trying to share information, data did not match and users did not get the data they really needed.
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Inconsistent Data Definitions
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Managers need to perform cross-functional analysis using data from all departments, which differed in granularities, formats, and levels.
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Lack of Data Standards
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The data, if available, were often incorrect or incomplete. Therefore, users could not rely on the data to make decisions.
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Poor Data Quality
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Users could not get the data they needed; what was collected was not always useful for intended purposes.
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Inadequate Data Usefulness
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Most data stored in operational databases did not allow users direct access; users had to wait to have their queries or questions answer by MIS professionals who could code SQL.
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Ineffective Direct Data Access
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A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms it using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads into a database warehouse.
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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL)
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Contains a subset of data warehouse information.
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Data Mart
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The common term for the representation of multidimensional information.
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Information Cube
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A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete data.
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Information Cleansing or Scrubbing
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Completed by companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of its data.
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Data Quality Audits
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The process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.
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Data Mining
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Use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information that predict future behavior and guide decision making.
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Data Mining Tools
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Assigns records to one of a predefined set of classes.
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Classification
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Determines values for an unknown continuous variable behavior or estimated future value.
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Estimation
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Determines which things go together.
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Affinity Grouping
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Segments a heterogenous population of records into a number of more homogenous subgroups.
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Clustering
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Data that is already in a database or a spreadsheet.
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Structured Data
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Data that does not exist in a fixed location and can include text documents, PDFs, voice messages, emails, and so on.
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Unstructured Data
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Analyzes unstructured data to find trends and patterns in words and sentences.
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Text Mining
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Analyzes unstructured data associated with websites to identify consumer behavior and website navigation.
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Web Mining
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A technique used to divide information sets into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far part from one another as possible.
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Cluster Analysis
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Reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships.
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Association Detection
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Analyzes such times as websites and checkout scanner information to detect customer's choices of products and services and for inventory control, shelf-product placement, and other retail and marketing applications.
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Market Basket Analysis
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Performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis.
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Statistical Analysis
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Time stamped information collected at a particular frequency.
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Time-Series Information
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Predictions based on time series information.
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Forecasts
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Accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems.
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Informing
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Displays information graphically so it can be easily understood.
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Infographics
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Describes technologies that allow users to "see" or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective.
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Data Visualization
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Move beyond excel graphs and charts into sophisticated analysis techniques such as pie charts, controls, instruments, maps, time-series graphs, and more.
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Data Visualization Tools
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Track corporate metrics such as critical success factors and key performance indicators and include advanced capabilities such as interactive controls allowing users to manipulate data for analysis.
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Business Intelligence Dashboards
