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20th amendment

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This amendment was crucial to the organization and tradition of the presidency influencing the start date form march 4th to January 20th

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22nd amendment

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This amendment made a big impact in government sealed the deal for presidents to only serve 2 terms and this weakend the presidency

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25th amendment

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This amendment gives detailed rules for the Vice President if the president resigns, dies, or can no longer operate in office and gives certain significant power to congress in impeachment with a 2/3rds vote

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Accountability

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Accountability in respect to the bureaucracy is very very important because recently it is important to be accountable because it is then less difficult to solve the abuse of power problem in private bureaucracies there recently has been a major problem with little accountability in all levels of the bureaucracy

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Agency capture

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In many instances agencies reach explicit agreements about dividing up the policy turf to avoid complication and duplication and to ensure supportive constituencies they do not want anyone else to do what they do

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Ambassador

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These people are appointed by the president to be a great and respectful representative off he United States and influences and determines our status with other foreign nations, often highs up officials close to the president are put in this role

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Amnesty

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This can be pardoned by the president under his number one role as chief executive or administrator and is important because it give the president power of a singular man to make such large decisions

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Bull pulpit

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This is an act of taking the presidents power and helping to persuade through speeches an example of this is Obama rhetoric in coming out about gay marriage rights

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Bureacracy

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The is massive organization of civil servants are organized and put together with rules. Hierarchy, specialization of skills, and good merit and has been accumulating lots of power in recent time

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Bureaucratese

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This is a language some believe is unable to be understood if you don't work with the bureaucracy that uses special key words and manipulation for less accountably and following certain rules, linguistic short cuts

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Bureaucratic culture

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There are 4 main elements of bureaucratic culture: policy commitment, adaption of bureaucratic behavior, specialization and expertise, and identification with the agency, all of these strengthen a bureaucracies tie to its agency making the size and scope of the bureaucracy larger and more powerful

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Bureaucratic discretion

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The bureaucracy as rule maker has essentially receives delegated legislative power form congress and uses there own judgement to interpret and carry out laws, this leads to more unelected bureaucrats making big decisions

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Cabinet (departments)

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The cabinet of the president advises the president but focuses on special skills and necessary issues, the departments have grown since the founding from 4departments to 15departments

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Chief administrator (executive)

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This role gives the president ability to appoint, the constitution states this and he is a vital part of the bureacracy appointments and department appointments because who he picks can make a huge difference in what gets done while he's in office

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Chief diplomat

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Is a pivotal part of our foriegn relations the president must use his role to better our treaties with other nations and to not wage war

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Chief of staff

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This is the presidents most powerful right hand man and influences access and media to the president which can influence what the public knows and does not know

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Citizen advisory councils

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These attempt to make bureaucracy more responsive to the people but typically people are biased toward policy

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Civil service

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Civil servants are bureaucrats, serve the society in which we live, responsive to rigid rules creating little accountability the civil service system has been altered a lot since the founding

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Clientele groups

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Responding to the demands of clientele groups is one of the 3 categories of federal agencies and this included these departments are sensitive to the concerns of those specific groups rather than being focused on what is good for the nation as a whole, clientele groups also have a large influence because of their size as they include interest groups, groups of citizens, and industry members, along with the poor

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Commander in cheif

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This role of the presidency causes disagreements between congress and the president of sending troops into war and declaring war, made even more complicated with the passing of the "war powers act"

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Congressional oversight

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Congressional oversight through congressional Committees and subcommittees and it's ability to change laws and monitor agencies

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Council of economic advisers

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This CEA is a par of a collegial. Of organizations that form the presidents own bureaucracy y and helps to plan economy and the future decisions helping to guide the president in the right direction economically

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Cycle effect

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This is one of the three factors that effect the popularity of the president and will map the patterns for how the ratings of the presidency with fall and drop for example the honeymoon period

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Discretionary authority

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since this gives bureaucrats the ability to let lower officials make more diceisions it lowers accountability in many agencies for example the EPA

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Divided government

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The presidency issuable worse when there is a divided government leading to gridlock and lower presidential ratings

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Economic leader

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As economic leader the presidents rTing are very influenced because people usually base there opinions of the presidents of the state of the economy and the president must prepare the federal budget, countries finances and deal with rising prices and high taxes effectively

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Electoral college

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The electoral college is a key part of the executive branch as an important connection between it and further elections and appointments in the bureaucracy

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Executive agreement

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The president uses these agreements to go around congress but congress can still try to prevent them by cutting the funds for them, the president has had 10,620 executive agreements and most are for foriegn nations relations.

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Executive office of the president

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This includes the different organization with an impact of foriegn policy budget and economic planning including the national security council, the office of management and budget and the council of economic advisors

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Executive privilege

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This is not a constitutional right rather it's based on two grounds like the separation of powers preventing branches form sharing internal workings and privacy is needed for advice form advisors without political pressure, seen in court case U.S. V Nixon

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Federal register

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The federal register has over 7000 pages and can be edited and has evidence used in agency disputes pertaining to agency business, research days, financial records, and so forth

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Freedom of information act

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This sets ups procedures so that it enforces information can be corrected and ensures the confidentiality of social security, tax and related records, but few of us ever use the FOIA

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Going public

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As a key strategy for he presidents power of persuasion it is important to agenda setting and getting along with the public for the president and efforts can include trips to town meetings and debates

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Government corporation

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Public enterprises=big business, a good example of this is the federal deposit insurance corporation, it is a "government guarantee"

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Hatch act

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While this act limits involvement, it protects civil servants form political pressure it has softened over the decades and runs in with first amendment issues

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Head of government

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As a role of the president who decides who gets scarce resources this role collides with others to create this double expectations gap eventually weaking the presidency

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Head of state

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As one of the presidents many roles of the president it collides with the role of head of government and causes this double expectations gap as the political figure head part of the presidency

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Honeymoon period

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This part of the cycle effect can effect how much people trust the president but doesn't give an accurate perception of how welt eh president will do when passing legislation that we find out in the post honeymoon period

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Impeachment

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Involves a 2 step process to check each side as a majority vote is important, the house impeached and the senate tries the president, impeachment then influences the executive branch and cabinets because of the presidential succession act

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Impoundment of funds

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The constitution is silent on this issue of president refusing to spend such money, using such immense power, congress responded to this by passing the budget reform act of 1974

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Independent agency

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As the president appoints the head of these independent agencies giving leeway to the executive branch, they vary in size, and it's means if jurisdiction tend to be narrower than those of the cabinet departments

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Independent regulatory boards & commissions

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As for regulating businesses, industries, or economic sectors these regulatory Angeles are supposed to be independent but fail a lot in that respect

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Inherent powers

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During the era of the traditional presidency the president had direct rules and new the explicit power of the founders but now with new changing issues in the modern presidency they rely on inherent powers or those not explicitly stated in the constitution

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Iron triangle

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The sympathy triangle, the 3parts of this include 1. The representatives of an outside lobby 2. Middle level bureaucrats 3. Selected members of congress, creating mutually beneficial policy, most influence over the bureaucracy is exercised by congress

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Issue network

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With so many system of relationships it makes it hard to hold people accountable in the bureaucracy, issue networks complicate this more

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Lame duck

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This idea of not caring during the end of the presidency makes congress(and the public) less responsive to the demands of the president

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Legislative leader

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As legislative leader the president can persuade, suggest, command, use the important power of presidential veto, he can be a coalition builder and outline goals through the state of the union address to help make him look better in the executive branch if the legislative branch is doing well

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Legislative liaison

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These personnel are key to the empower of persuasion part of the presidency and connect the legislative branch in this effect

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Line-item veto

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These are favored by conservatives and Bill Clinton but are unconstitutional but can create too much legislative power than wanted by the president

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National security council

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This part of the executive office of the president helps give advice to the president and greatly effects foreign policy and efficiency

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Neutral competence

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This idea if held my many who believe that the bureaucracy has more powers than the founders would have intended and that it should be depoliticized by making it more professional

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Office of management and budget

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As a close advisor the president the executive branch is very influenced by the office of management and budget because with out its advise to the president the budget would be unmanageable and it is the largest office of the executive office of the president

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Pardoning power

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This is said to upset other branches because it gives the president the power to single handedly remove someone from a Crime and could lead to corruption

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Party leader

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In this role the president shows his/her support for a political party's and uses their influence to help the party through supporting party goals and raising money for and helping the campaign for their party members

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Patronage

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This system effects the bureaucracy and provides jobs to pay off political debts and gains cooperation from officials but most of all it strengthens the base of power

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Pendleton act

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This was the first reform of civil service and is also known as the civil service reform act of 1883 basing reward in the bureaucracy changing it forever by basing it off of merit rather than patronage

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Pocket veto

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This type of probably gives the vaguest idea of what the president thinks of a bill because he just doesn't looks tut if it's not important or life hanging or effective or helpful

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Power to persuade

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This power of the president impacts the legislative branch mainly and is very important for setting the agenda of the president and utilizes his lobbying powers

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Presidential style

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The presidents presidential style sets a tone for the rest of his time in office and it is a subtle means in which the president communicates it's can be an opportunity for enhancing public support and the presidents ability to deal effectively with congress and the media

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Presidential veto

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The presidential veto can have many after affects he can show his uninterested opinion when he doesn't even look at the bill, send opinion when he vetos and it is a major check on the government

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Press secretary

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As a close advisor to the president loyalty is key and part of the White House staff the press secretary is in charge of the media and how much they get to see of the president and how much we as the public get to hear from the president

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Privacy act of 1974

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The fact that people get to see the information the government has is very important falling under the zone of privacy and acts as a check on the government to make sure it is not hiding information from us

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Red tape

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This is one of the criticism of the bureaucracy and many believe the maze of rules and regulations stifle efficiency and also makes it harder to hold people accountable

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Regulations

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Regulations are a big part of agencies and rule the ideas and accountability of them

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Reprieve

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This can be pardon by the president under his power of the presidency and role as chief executive and shows and exercises his singular power

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Senatorial courtesy

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This is said to be the bridge between the executive and judiciary and it's is a way for he president to influence court decisions through having judicial department invest in Resources in arguing the case

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Signing statements

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presidents Bush and Reagan were very well known for issuing many signing statements, this presidential power is used most often for his role as legislative leade rgiving congress a written explinantion of what he thinks of the bill

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Solicitor general

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As solicitor general the president can influence a court decisions and shows his immense power within having the department of justice invest in resources in arguing a case

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Spoils system

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This began with Andrew Jackson and uses old ideals tore ward political supporters with public office but it is inefficient and incompetent

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State of the union address

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This speech by the president is one of his main roles as legislative leader and helps address all issues for the year to congress and using his power of persuasion on the government officials and public in his rhetoric and ideals

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Succession

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Within the presidency will influence the leadership if the president is unable to be in power and influences appointments by the president because if the president is gone then these appointments in a certain order

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Sunshine laws

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Even effects committees and subcommittees unless on a special occasion of security

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Treaty

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As his role as chief diplomat, the president has to organize treaties, The treaties of the United States need 2/3rds vote by congress to approve funds to put them into action

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Unified government

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When a government is unified it is usually a lot more effective and faster at getting things done like legislation passed

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War powers resolution of 1973

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This act weakened the office and made more ways for the president to get around congress,ever since this was passed congress has differed with the president on what this really means

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Whistle blowers

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Whistle blowers are a check Ont he government in their own way and have recently begun to be protected throughout he whistles blower protection act but hasn't been as successful as wanted even though it set up its own independent agency for whistle blower protection

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White House Office

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These employees who work closely with the president run his daily life and are crucial and help with policy making and coordination, out reach and communications and internal coordination

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Executive order

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Executive orders spike when there is national crisis and are higher at the beginning of the presidency an example of an executive order is affirmative action

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