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What do Sociologists study?

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Social Institutions Social Structures Individual interactions

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Social Institutions

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A group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. (university)

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Social Structures

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The underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another. Economic systems, political systems, race and gender relations.

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Individual Interactions

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between people and groups of people

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What are the different sociological orientations

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Macro Meso Micro *Has to do with the type of phenomenon you're studying (whether you're taking about the economy or smaller things)

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Macro Sociology

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Examines social dynamics across society; broad, overarching processes (usually quantitative data recollection - i.e. surveys) (small group but big idea) *Broad Structures

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Meso Sociology

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Focuses on middle level social dynamics (organizations and institutions) (rape culture at universities) *Institutions

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Micro Sociology

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Examines interactions contexts (individual and small group dynamics) (college dating norms) *Interactions

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What's the role of theory in sociological research?

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Guides research and organizes its ideas -Frames what we look at, provides basic concepts and directs us to important questions Provides a context for predictions -Ways for us to make sense of research data Can generate new research -Connects a single study to other research Theory and research go together - once you have a theory it frames what you're looking - it gives you guidelines (linking two factors and seeing if they connect)

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Grand theories

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Refers to the form of highly abstract organizing in which the formal organization and arrangement of concepts takes priority over understanding the social world, one universal theme to understand the unity of social structures

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What is the Sociological Imagination? Who Coined it?

answer

Perspective Way to engage the world and understand what is going on around us, expands problems from small scale to big scale because personal problems are shared Also, seeing through the facades of social structures C Wright Mills

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How does C. Wright Mills describe it?

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Connect our personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces. Make our own lives ordinary. (we all face natural constraints in our own lives) "the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society." ... Another way of describing sociological imagination is the understanding that social outcomes are based on what we do.

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How was this demonstrated through Pulp Fiction/George Carlin clips?

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-In Pulp fiction John Travolta explains how everywhere you go things that seems normal are actually not; like weed being legal and how in some countries they use mayonnaise for fries instead of ketchup. (acting as a tourist idea - Royale with cheese - if you're a tourist you question it but if you live there you don't) TOURIST IDEA -In the George Carlin clips he talks about all the stuff we have and puts it in perspective that we buy a house to put all of our stuff in it and when put in that perspective it seems weird and not normal. It takes us out of our "oh that's normal" mindset MAKING THE FAMILIAR STRANGE

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How about through our Friendship Diversity exercise? (How does this demonstrate the sociological Imagination?)

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We assume our friendships are more diverse but in reality they aren't It also shows how we stick to people who are like us because it's more "normal" or easier to relate Also connected to socio-economic in our neighborhoods, how school systems are set up

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How does Berger's notion of "debunking" reflect the sociological imagination?

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process used by sociologists to see behind taken for granted ways of thinking about social reality. -Paying attention to "meanings" that people give to human events and social processes. --Applying suspicion by questioning those meanings, especially as "officially interpreted by the authorities. --Social narratives we accept are based on "social constructions." The sociological imagination helps us think of a more connected bigger society and by asking questions about it you debunk it (ways to not take it for granted) NOT JUST THINKING "OH THINGS ARE JUST LIKE THAT OR JUST THE WAY THEY ARE"

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Statistics

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Standard rules that we follow in investigating questions about the social world; tools we use to describe, explore, and explain social phenomena in an ethical fashion.

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Qualitative v. Quantitative Methods

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Quantitative methods seek to obtain information about the social world that is in, or can be converted to, numeric form. Uses statistical analyses Mimics "scientific method." Isolates variables. Qualitative methods attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. Types -Ethnography -Participant Observation -Case Studies -Historical-Comparative

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Why do we need statistics? What's the problem with bad statistics?

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"The number of American children killed each year by guns has doubled." This example shows how when people mess up a statistic, it changes the meaning. Consequences of bad statistics? - it becomes a chain reaction- it can sque information and impressions easily We need statistics because they give information so that everyone can understand them

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Deductive v. Inductive Approach

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A deductive approach to research: 1) starts with a theory. 2) develops a hypothesis. 3) makes empirical observations. 4) analyzes the data collected through observation to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. This approach is more common An inductive approach to research: 1) starts with empirical observation. 2) then works to form a theory. 3) determines if a correlation exists by noticing if a change is observed in two things simultaneously.

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Goal of Research

answer

Determine causation Quantitative methods: by eliminating all other possibilities in statistical analyses you can state a high degree of probability that causation exists. Qualitative methods: Describe social processes in such depth as to rule out alternative possibilities.

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Dependent and Independent Variables.

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A dependent variable is the outcome that a researcher is trying to explain. An independent variable is a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable.

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Causality v. Correlation

answer

Causality - a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another factor. Correlation- Association between two variables.

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How do we prove / demonstrate causation?

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-Time order: the thing you think is causing something has to come before it's caused; independent variable has to come before dependent variable -Rule out alternative causal relationships. -Find out which relationship came first (if you moved to a diverse neighborhood then got diverse friends or visa versa)

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Reverse causality

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Reverse causation (also called reverse causality) refers either to a direction of cause-and-effect contrary to a common presumption or to a two-way causal relationship in, as it were, a loop (you assume x causes y but in reality y causes x)

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Spurious relationship

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two variables are related (correlated) to each other but have no causal relationship (you think x and y are related but there is an outside factor) ex- friendship diversity due to socio-economic class, not school diversity but you think its because of school diversity

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Hypotheses

answer

A hypothesis is a proposed relationship between two variables.

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What makes good sociological research? (3 things)

answer

Validity -does the study measure what it is intended to measure? Reliability -if you conduct the study again, will you get the same results? Generalizability -will the findings of this study apply to some other population or group of people?

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Population

answer

An entire group of individual persons, objects or items that you are interested in studying

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Sample

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The subset of a population from which you are actually collecting data.

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Case Studies

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specifically focused on a single case ( a single person, single incident), make detailed observations over a long period of time

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Types of Methods

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Participant observation Survey Research Historical Methods Comparative Research Experimentation Content Analysis

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Participant Observation

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-A qualitative research method that seeks to uncover meanings people give to their actions by observing social actions in practice. -Site- The contexts in which the observations occur. Interviews -Art of conducting open-ended interviews requires knowing when to probe further and when to back off (when, for example, respondents are reluctant to discuss sensitive topics).

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Survey Research

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-An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents. -Generally converted into quantitative data for statistical analyses. - Selection Bias

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Selection Bias

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-When the people who complete a study vary in a measurable way from those who did not, such that the results would be impacted.

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Historical Methods

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-Research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date to a prior time period under study.

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Comparative Research

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-A methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between. -Usually refers to cross-national studies.

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Experimentation

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-Method that seeks to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involves comparisons to a control group that did not experience such intervention. -Somewhat rare in Sociology.

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Content Analysis

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-A systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film -Manifest content- What we can observe (overt). -Latent content- What is implied but not stated outright.

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Ethical problems with social research

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Ethical problems with social research (note difference between there being an ethical issue or it just being bad research) Do no harm. Informed consent. Voluntariness. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for research involving human subjects.

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What is culture?

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A set of beliefs, traditions and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace; everything that is outside nature. It is both the technology humans use to dominate nature and the belief systems (our ways of life), ideologies and symbolic representations that constitute human existence; also our built environment.

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Material v. Non-Material Culture

answer

-Non-material things - abstract ideas, morals, values, beliefs, religion -Material culture - everything humans have created (architecture, media, objects, songs) -Material culture reflects non-material -Non-material culture manifests itself in material culture -Our morals and beliefs show themselves in our media/architecture/songs

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Ethnocentrism

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belief that one's culture and beliefs are better than anothers

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Ideology

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non-material culture on the most abstract level; is what governs our expectations

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Cultural Relativism

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view that no culture is superior to others because they are all equally valid, culture is relative to the individual and their cultural identity; also principle of regarding beliefs, values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of the culture itself

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Subcultures

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The distinct cultural values and behavior patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by a set of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group and distinctive enough to distinguish it from others with the same culture or society. Usually seens as marginalized smaller group of a large group

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How does Haenfler's article on gaming and Facebook reveal subcultural dynamics? How do these online communities reflect our broader culture?

answer

Because we see them as low on a hierarchy level but in their own sub culture they have their own system and level of hierarchy. Also these online communities reflect border culture because sexism exists but out side the subculture its a hyper masculine form of hegemonic masculinity where in the game its how good you are. Plus they're still sexist so it reflects the themes just in a different way

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Subcultures then vs today (Virtual Communities)

answer

Past: subcultures used to be communities which were social networks of people who interact and have something in common based on geographic location, common interest, distinct identity or shared values Ie: a neighborhood, church, group, club Today: subcultures are frequently virtual communities which are like communities but you are not automatically associated with it; you pick which community to interact with Subcultures no longer have a set geography because online people can be anywhere Language from subcultures spreads to common culture Online communities have the same traits as common culture that manifest themselves there

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Reflection theory (Media)

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Media is a projection of existing social relationships

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Socialization (Media)

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Process of learning of what is appropriate in a culture

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Hegemony (Media)

answer

A view shaped by those in power Presents a view of society that benefits those in power

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Be prepared to discuss media effects through the lens of the film Killing Us Softly and Coy's article about gender in popular culture. How is patriarchy reflected through the media and what are the potential consequences?

answer

Killing us softly - the movie about adds Coy- article where children are hyper sexualized It basically reflects patriarchy because it makes women seem like they only exist for men. It also objectifies women and dehumanizes them (having young women hyper sexualized and having older women infantilized)

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Media portrayals of gender

answer

Creates Impossible Standards of Appearance Objectification of Women Anti-Intellectualism Sexualization of Culture "Sexy media diet" Predatory Sexual Behavior Violence Infantalism Age Compression "Girl Power" Narrows the space for action Intersectionality

question

Girl power

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Coy article - how media and girls are oversexualied - girl power is limited by definitions of success are defined by beauty and the ability to attract male attention. (women have power roles, but they limit the scope of action; example disney princesses, disney shows)

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Consumerism

answer

The steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved

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How do Nike ads reflect contemporary culture?

answer

Participation over success, all kids are "winners" "Good old days" They make people feel relevant

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How do Nike ads idealize sport?

answer

Nike idealizes sports by putting athletes above everyone else. But it's also the idea that anyone can participate and that its pure and unadulterated by the outside world

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How do ads portray sport as a "secular religion?"

answer

Sunday games Family gathering Worship players as "god" Love for the game that is greater than the individual and is shared by many Rituals

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What are the primary threats to the sacredness of sports?

answer

Money and the Media The athlete as a celebrity

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Be able to discuss what Pollan believes is the cause of our neurotic obsession with food in "The Omnivore's Dilemma" and what role corporations play in perpetuating the problem.

answer

We are more concerned with what's in food, in comparison to valuing food for taste We have no national food No family dinner Snacking Fast food Corporations can get the public to do what it wants

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How are people resisting the influence of media and advertising?

answer

Menacola example in the middle east, resist Americanization of consumerism Being open about the fact that it's happening Some families make decisions not to expose their kids to the media People are now getting into tv that doesn't have commercials

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Culture Jamming

answer

Culture jamming is often seen as a form of subvertising, intended to expose apparently questionable political assumptions behind commercial culture. -one of the ways we resist the influence of media and advertising - by influencing people to buy something that they need...? -make choices to not be dependent

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America's "Soft Power"

answer

Ex: McDonald's How america asserts itself We have people around the world who are dependant on american goods and so it's how we influence people - a form of influence that is based on consumer goods and manufacturing jobs abroad

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Agents of Socialization

answer

Which people or groups have the most power to socialize people into society (parents, media, teachers...) Families Schools Peers Media Adult socialization

question

Limits of Socialization

answer

Individual will is also a limit of socialization -people are not defined by socialization and so people also have biological factors and stuff

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Merton's Role Theory

answer

Language for talking about social interaction considers most of everyday activity to be the acting out of socially defined categories (e.g., mother, manager, teacher). Each role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviours that a person has to face and fulfill. -Status -Role -Role Strain -Role Conflict -Status Set

question

Status

answer

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies

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Role

answer

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

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Role Strain

answer

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

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Role Conflict

answer

he tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

question

Status Set

answer

all the statuses one holds simultaneously

question

Ascribed v Achieved Status

answer

Ascribed Status: a status into which one is born; involuntary Achieved Status: a status into which one enters; voluntary

question

Master Status

answer

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

question

Auxiliary Traits

answer

(linked to master statuses) common preconceptions that people associate with these statuses

question

Gender Roles

answer

set of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female

question

Be able to discuss the social construction of gender according to Messner's "Barbie Girls v. Sea Monsters."

answer

Gender as a social construction: gender was created by society as a way to distinguish between the sexes, it is a stereotype of characteristics, personality, and traits that are commonly linked to one sex or the other

question

Social construction

answer

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people, and social institutions, act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity Gender was socially constructed to have gender roles (boys like trucks, girls like dolls, boys have to be the "man of the house", girls are caretakers and homemakers), gender wouldn't exist if we didn't create it, and if we chose to stop believing in it, it would disappear

question

Three levels of analysis

answer

you can't really understand gender behavior by just looking at one moment or one basic level of something Interactional ("doing" gender): demonstrating femininity and masculinity Structural Context: how these are put into play, how they are reinforced (soccer league is gendered by team and by role of parents) Cultural Symbol - certain things are girl things and certain things are boy things (like the team names

question

Stratification

answer

The way (we as people) put people into other groups Grouping people into different groups that are equal on the the horizontal level but not vertically - we create social hierarchies based on those groups where some people are seen as more privileged than others

question

Patriarchy

answer

Where the male is the head of the household and the lineage is in his name and he controls how things work Power of homophobia to enforce patriarchal gender norms.

question

Sex v. Gender

answer

Sex- The biological differences that distinguish male from female/ Gender- A social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories. How people make sense of sex differences.

question

3 Contemporary Conceptions of Sex and Gender:

answer

Biological Determinism (Nature): because they're born that way Girls act like girls and boys act like boys Pure Socialization (Nurture): socialization forces us to act a certain way Dialectical: act on each other

question

Hegemonic masculinity

answer

The idea of the perfect guy Masculine Religious Athletic Smart Outgoing etc...

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Glass Ceiling

answer

An invisible limit on a womans climb up the occupational ladder

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What is Guyland? (Kimmel)

answer

A Social space where young men are caught between adolescence and adulthood. Has particular social characteristics that stem from the social structural changes in gender relations that mark the current period of American society.

question

What are the characteristics of the men who occupy Guyland?

answer

White Middle Class College bound, in college or out of college Live in communities or dorms, frats, or with their parents Have modest, low-wage paying jobs Like to party Drift into the crowd

question

What are the norms and practices of Guyland?

answer

Drinking, sex, sports, video games, tv, porn ,pizza, and beer. Pron is everywhere- images of hypersexualized women Homophobia Cultural appropriation is ubiquitous Guyland revolves around the idea that your bros think you're cool Its lies on a bed of "middle class entitlement"

question

What's the role of women in Guyland? How is sexism demonstrated

answer

Girls have to be sexy and fun, get along with guys, play by their rules, and respect the bro code or they're out. Women can't intimidate or threaten a guy's manhood Sexism is demonstrated through the treatment of women- women can't be themselves- they can't talk about things that they want or like. It's like they're there to entertain the guys

question

How is Guyland a unique product of contemporary Western society?

answer

Guys in Guyland have security whether it is their parents, money, or both, and because of this, they feel no need to hurry or try to get a good job as fast as possible.

question

Feminism

answer

a consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect

question

Sexism

answer

occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination and hatred against him or her

question

What obstacles do women face to true equality in terms of education and the labor market?

answer

Labor market: supply of workers available in relation to available work Women are entering college at higher rates than men but there are problems with "feminized" majors and there is a lack of women in stem

question

Second Shift

answer

When women have their regular job but then are also expected to have a domestic job unlike men Despite the increase in opportunity for women to join the job market, domestic expectations still exist in addition

question

Sexuality in Young Adulthood (Hamilton and Armstrong)- What is the "Battle of the Sexes" view of sexuality?

answer

Women hookup with guys to find their lifelong partner It also says that if women were to take the romance or commitment finding out of hookups, then all gender inequality would be alleviated

question

How is this view problematic for women?

answer

It doesn't look at relationships or the rate in which women are hurt in relationships or hookups It only looks at gender Some women just want to hook up - there is a double standard

question

Self-development imperative

answer

Where you push off having kids and creating a family so that you can make money and get a good career

question

How do college women's experiences with the hookup culture vary by their social class?

answer

The ones who are more popular and more socialized will go out more and hookup more

question

Overview of the Article (Sexuality in Young Adulthood)

answer

Reproduction of gender inequality Battle of the Sexes Sexual Double Standard Self-development

question

Sexuality

answer

Norms pertaining to sexuality are constructed in context of unequal power dynamics.

question

Homosexuality

answer

The social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex.

question

What does it mean to say that homosexuals were "created" in the 1800's?

answer

This means that before the 1800s, homosexaulity wasn't a term. People would sleep with whomever they wished. After the 1800s, it became taboo and people came up with the idea that it was bad to sleep with someone of the same sex.

question

Role of Science - "gay gene"

answer

-Natural selection of this gene doesn't make sense because it leads to a reduced population -Prenatal hormones linked -A biological explanation could help destigmatize because it's not a "choice"

question

Role of Law

answer

Was illegal 40 years ago Gay bars were targets of police raids Sexual orientation was a reason to exclude immigrants Just legalized 2015

question

How is the homosexual identity a "19th Century invention?"

answer

Homophobia before the 19th century didn't exist. Religion started playing a role and so people viewd hoosexuality as gross and not normal

question

How is homophobia used by college women to reinforce gender norms? How does this vary according to women's stake in erotic marketplaces on campus? (Trading on Heterosexuality) (Hamilton)

answer

Men don't want to see too feminine, and women don't want to seem too masculine (straight women will kiss each other at parties and men will say homophobic things) But girls who go out and engage in the party scene are also more likely to be homophobic because they don't want to seem too masculine (but being smashed at a party and kissing is okay because to guys its cute)

question

Heteronormativity

answer

Cultural ideas about appropriate sex based on heterosexual standards.

question

Social Distance

answer

Degree of closeness that people are willing to tolerate in their interactions with stigmatized groups.

question

How does the Greek party scene reflect unequal power between men and women?

answer

One way the Greek party scene reflects unequal power is in the names of the parties, CEOs and Corporate Hoes was the name of one. (this promotes the idea that men are above women in a working environment) Another is that they have the ability to let in and kick out women based on how good they look. Also, they have the ratio rule which basically says that there need to be more women than men so that the men have options... Patriarchal gender norms Homophobia How does homophobia play into this? - In guyland or party scenes it's viewed as normal or cool to say homophobic things (it makes the guys seem more masculine)

question

Differences in men's and women's expressions of homophobia.

answer

Negotiating gender status/gender strategies. Men are more vocal about their homophobia whereas women will not say anything out loud but they may say some things to their friends. Also, men like the idea of girls kissing each other as long as they're "not actually" lesbian and women always want that "gay guy friend" but will be mean and judgmental towards lesbians Social distance from lesbians varies according to stake in party scene. Same-sex eroticism among straight girls. Dismemberment of lesbians

question

How are historical and economic circumstances important for understanding the social constructions of race and racial hierarchies?

answer

The way things in the past have played out (considering religion and law...) people are still places into racial hierarchies With economics, people of minorities are more likely to live in low income bad neighborhood because of the cycle (they live in bad neighborhoods, (because white people don't want them in their neighborhoods) so then, they can't go to good schools, and because of that they can't get good jobs, and because of that they don't make good money which perpetuates poor living conditions

question

Race

answer

A group of people who share a set of characteristics- typically, but not always, physical ones- and are said to share a common bloodline.

question

Racialization

answer

formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of reference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

question

Racism: the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits Characterized by 3 beliefs:

answer

Humans are divided into distinct bloodlines or physical traits Linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, personalities and intellectual abilities Certain groups are superior to others

question

The Construction of Race through the following lenses:

answer

Religion: How religion affects race Relying on the Bible to explain "Inferior" religions Science: Scientific racism: using science to justify differences Phrenology: skulls of people are "different" Social Darwinism Eugenics: shouldn't reproduce if you don't have "desirable" traits Law: immigration/citizenship laws Jim Crow laws Segregation Culture - today it's more cultural Like the Wilson article explains, refer to that sections

question

Segregation

answer

Residential: where people live; city vs. suburbs; based on living conditions and where jobs are Educational: because of residential segregations, schools become segregated based on Socioeconomic Status (SES), taxes, and neighborhoods

question

De jure v. de facto segregation

answer

De jure: by law segregation is illegal (ex: Brown v. Board of Ed) De facto: by fact segregation still happens (ex: in school, because of SES and location)

question

The Economic Plight of Black Males (Wilson) - Competing explanations for Black male underemployment.

answer

Blame the victim (culture of poverty): victim isn't applying themselves Blame the system: institutions aren't set up to benefit them, change these before problems are fixed

question

How are structural and cultural factors important for understanding this phenomenon?

answer

Structural: Menial jobs don't cover living expenses Skilled labor in decline (machines taking over) Risk of incarceration Lingering overt racism Cultural: That thing someone said about it not being cool to try Expectations from family and other members of the community Influences of the media

question

Devah Pager's study on racism in hiring (fake resume study)

answer

Black w/ criminal record: 5% White w/ criminal record: 17% Black w/o criminal record: 14% White w/o criminal record: 34% White w/ criminal record more likely to get interview call back than black w/o criminal record (17%:14%)

question

Barack Obama and the Politics of Race (Teasley and Ikard)

answer

Tension between the optimism of the election and reality of lingering social inequality

question

Will this newfound optimism result in substantive structural changes? (Obama and the politics of race)

answer

Reasons why and why not. Yes: Increased feelings of political agency/control May encourage more political participation Obama may address income inequality? No: False sense of hope -- masks reality of worsening conditions Motivate opponents to reduce policies aiding social inequalities

question

Color-Blind Privilege (Gallagher) - Color-Blindness:

answer

dominant lens through which whites understand contemporary race relations, belief that segregation and discrimination are no longer an issue because it is illegal for individuals to be denied access because of their race

question

Meritocracy

answer

equal opportunity is assumed through this, jobs are given based on ability

question

What important social and political functions does color-blindness serve for whites?

answer

A form of comfort Allows them to ignore structural barriers to inequality Makes race a cultural marker only Makes white privilege invisible Blames Blacks for lingering inequalities. Removes need to maintain race-based social programs.

question

Color-blind perspective

answer

Dominant lens through which whites understand contemporary race relations; the belief that segregation and discrimination are no longer an issues because it is now illegal for individuals to be denied access to housing, or jobs because of their race; assumes equal opportunity; meritocracy

question

3 Pillars of Sustainability

answer

1)Environmental 2)Social - (Education): the ability of a social system to 3)function at a defined level of social well being indefinitely Economic

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