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13th Amendment

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Abolition of slavery.

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14th Amendment

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Citizenship given to ex-slaves. Three-fifths clause abolished. Leading ex-Confederates denied office. Ex-Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans.

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15th Amendment

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Suffrage given to black males.

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African-American Participation in Civil War

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Result of the Emancipation Proclamation. They fought for the Union because they wanted their freedom, but were still payed less than white soldiers of equal ranking.

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Battle of Antietam

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Battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation; Union won.

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Black Codes

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Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles.

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Border States

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There are four slave states that stayed in the Union because of the assurances that the war was being fought to preserve the Union rather than end slavery. These four border states were Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland.

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Compromise of 1850

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North: • California admitted as a free state • Texas gave up its claims to lands disputed with New Mexico • Slave trade in D.C. was banned, but slavery was legal South: • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands • Texas was paid $10 million for land lost • A new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

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Dred Scott Decision

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He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.

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Election of 1860

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Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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After victory of Antietam Lincoln announces all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. The aim was to injure confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, hurt its morale, and make sure South got no foreign aid from Britain.

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Frederick Douglass

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He escaped slavery in Maryland and was a major figure in the abolition movement. He published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography.

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Free Soilers

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They were in the west and were against the expansion of slavery.

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Freedmen's Bureau

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The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedmen and to white refugees. First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.

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Fugitive Slave Act

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These laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North didn't strictly enforce the 1793 law, which angered the South. The Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

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Gettysburg Address

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It was delivered on Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin and helped bring about the Civil War. It helped divide North and South, and is an American Propaganda novel. It also helped stop foreign aid from going to South from British and French.

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Jefferson Davis

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President of the Confederacy who was constantly challenged by states' rights politicians and was threatened to be impeached.

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John Brown

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An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after killing innocent people. He also led his children in hacking and killing 5 proslave men.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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It suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states using popular sovereignty. Free-soilers refused to vote because slaves that were previously slaves would stay slaves. Anit-slavery and Pro-slavery people moved their to vote.

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Know Nothing Party

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These super-patriots were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and supported Fillmore.

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Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan for Reconstruction

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A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation (High-ranking Confederates would not be offered this). The state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it also had to abolish slavery forever

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Johnson Plan for Reconstruction

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To pardon any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, ratify 13th amendment, and disowned Confederate debts.

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Lincoln's Inaugural Address

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Lincoln said that there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it; he said that secession was impractical because Mississippi and Appalachians ran the wrong way.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

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A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.

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Freeport Doctrine

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Lincoln asked if Dred Scott Decision and Popular sovereignty could co-exist. Douglas said in his response that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will. This made him a traitor to South.

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Mexican American War

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Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; Victor was US. It granted all land from Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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Military Occupation of the South

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This was permitted in Reconstruction policies, along with punishment of Confederate leaders.

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New York Draft Riots, 1863

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Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for days until federal troops suppressed them. They hated the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. Also, rich could pay 300 dollars to if they were drafted to be allowed to hire a replacement for them.

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Northern Strategy to win the War

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The northern strategy started with the anaconda plan, then changed to the idea of total war, then it changed to the march to the sea and the siege of petersburg, but to ultimately capture richmond was the main goal.

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Popular Sovereignty

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Idea that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. It was opposed by Northern abolitionists.

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Radical Republicans

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Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

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Republican Party

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Founded by anti-slavery activists in 1854. Mixed group of anti-slavery Whigs and Free Soil Democrats who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

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Robert E. Lee

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The General of the Confederate troops. He was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac. He was defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead's Union troops; surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House.

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Sharecropping

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A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. Slaves were sharecroppers after they were freed (same as being slave).

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South Carolina Secession

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The first state to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 with a unanimous vote for it.

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Southern Resistance to Reconstruction

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An example is the development of the KKK. It became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks.

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Southern Strengths/Weaknesses

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South had the advantage of fighting defensively on its own land and it did not have to win in order to preserve the confederacy, morale advantage, good generals. Weaknesses were; not a lot of factories in the south, lack of supplies, not a lot of people, and economic states were bad

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Southern Strategy

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The southern strategy was to defend their own land and try to take Washington D.C.

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Stephen Douglas

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Illinois senator, created Kansas-Nebraska Acts, wanted to expand westward and give Chicago the upper hand of having the railroad , he destroyed the Compromise of 1850 and The Missouri Compromise of 1820, and indirectly created the Republican Party, with his Nebraska-Kansas act.

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Suspension of Civil Liberties

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Habeas Corpus was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of Constitution because only Congress is allowed to do that. He suspended freedom of press, held people in jail without trial, and increased size of military.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Uncle Tom's Cabin Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

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Whig Party

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Election of 1852 marked the beginning of the end. Deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster weakened the party severely. When compromise of 1850 came out it fractured the Whigs with pro and anti slavery lines and with the anti slavery line having enough power to deny the election of 1852 in favor of Fillmore. During Kansas Nebraska act southern Whigs generally supported it while northern Whigs strongly opposed it northern Whigs like Lincoln joined the new Republican Party while southern Whigs joined the Know Nothing Party.

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William Lloyd Garrison

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The Liberator was his fervent abolitionist newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery

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Wilmot Proviso

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Amendment that sough to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by PA congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

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