Philosophy Ethics – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What do ethicists do?
answer
Study of practical wisdom about personal behavior = character traits that are good and admirable as well as traits that are bad and undesirable
question
Morals
answer
customs or beliefs about how people should be and act
question
Ethics
answer
study of theories about these beliefs
question
What is an ethicists approach
answer
Normative or prescriptive approach - examine what do people do and judge it on the basis of certain standards, then suggestive behaviorism that should be followed through sound arguments.
question
Earliest record moral codes
answer
Hebrew prophet Moses 3200 years ago
question
How did Plato and Aristotle contribute?
answer
Came up with a list of desirable traits: courage, generosity, modesty, and a sense of justice.
question
Golden Rule
answer
Do unto others as you would do onto yourself.
question
Humanist tradition
answer
Petrarch, Erasmus, and Machiabelli lived during European Renaissance fostered the humanist tradition.
question
Virginia Held
answer
Investigate whether men and women are predisposed to appraoch ethical issues differently.
question
Kwame Gyekye of Ghana
answer
Cultural differences
question
Suitte
answer
Tradition of women jumping into fire of dead husband
question
FGM
answer
Female genital mutilation.
question
Moodlaade
answer
Story about FGM, Courtney- Anne Craft
question
Ethical Relativism
answer
Belief of no universal moral standard
question
Lobsters in restaurant aquarium analogy
answer
Analogy used to illustrate differences in ideas
question
Why to some philosophers is tolerance toward other cultures inconsistent
answer
Morality being culturally relative is to take a position.
question
Dutchment, Johannes van Damme
answer
the cross cultural legitimacy of the death penalty
question
Emotivism
answer
Moral language is essentially an expression of certain emotions and feelings.
question
According to emotivism, how can language be used?
answer
Descriptively and expressively
question
For an emotivst moral judments are
answer
Neither true nor false
question
According to video how many children are effected by child labour?
answer
250 million
question
Consequentialist
answer
No action is intrinsically moral.
question
Jeremy Bethem
answer
1748-1832 founded an ethical theory call utilitarianism
question
Brethem drew ideas from
answer
Francais H, action is best which produces happiness, and David HUme
question
Bretham hedonist calculas
answer
intensity, duration, certainty, nearness, productivity, purity, and extent.
question
J.S Mill
answer
"It is better to a disatisified Socrates then a fool satisfied"
question
Omelas
answer
Good deal, one suffer, some can't accept it
question
Kant
answer
the means justify the end.
question
Categorical imperative
answer
Kant's rule stating that good will to do actions that can universally correct.
question
Deontological theory
answer
ignores consequences and focuses on duty
question
What is the connection mentioned between Aristotle, Descartes and Kant?
answer
They all search for intrinsic goodness, for virtue
question
Mill's criticism of Kant's theory
answer
Testing a moral choice by asking whether it should become law amounts to measuring the consequences.
question
What was virtue according to the Greeks?
answer
A person who is guided by character
question
Eudaimonia
answer
Happiness, fulfillment.
question
Aristotle's Golden Mean
answer
The virtuous is always in between the extremes. People could be trained to be this way.
question
W.D Ross
answer
Believes these values are apart of the fundamental truths of the universe. Fidelity (promises kept), Reparation (making up for wrongful acts), gratitude (repaying favors of others), gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, non-maleficence.
question
Psychological Egoism
answer
Psychological theory that says that people act in their own interest.
question
Philosophical egoism
answer
Ethical theory that says people should act in their own interest.
question
Ayn Rand
answer
Rational egoism, or objective ethics. Rational self interest makes sense.
question
Hazel Barnes, and Mary Midgle's Criticism of egoism
answer
The notion of self includes other
question
James Rachels criticism of egoism
answer
The end is what matter about selfishness.
question
Free will criticism of egoism
answer
Egoism suggests humans are slaves of their own interest.
question
Kant's categorical imperative
answer
1. Act only according to that maxim that you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. 2. Act so as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, and never as a means only" 3. Always act if to bring about kingdom of ends (an ideal community)
question
Thomas Aquinas key characteristics
answer
obligation to obey god
question
W.D ross
answer
fulfill our purpose
question
Alasfair Maclntyre
answer
depends on time and place
question
Soren Kierkegaard, Friendrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sautre
answer
Take responsibility
question
Jus ad bellum - the justice of the war
answer
1. Just cause principle (war, attack, famine) 2. Legitimate authority principle (government must start the war) 3. Good intentions principle (act on the basis of just cause) 4. Likelihood of success principle 5. Proportionality principle (more good then harm to go to war) 6. Last resort principle
question
Justice in war or jus in bello
answer
1. Proportionality (good) 2. Discrimination (target non civilian)
question
Moral agent
answer
capable of taking responsibility
question
Moral patient
answer
incapable of taking responsibility
