question

The ____ ask, "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?"

answer

structuralists; functionalists

question

What summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener?

answer

Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes.

question

Functionalism was an intentional protest of the limitations of ____.

answer

Wundt's experimentalism and Titchener's structuralism

question

What was the most important consequence of functionalism?

answer

the development of applied psychology

question

What were the most influential works in the development of functionalism?

answer

The work of Darwin and Galton and comparative research

question

Who was a predecessor of Darwin, speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God.

answer

Erasmus Darwin

question

Who argued that our bodies adapt to the environment and those adaptations will be heritable?

answer

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

question

Who was the evolutionary theorist that argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited?

answer

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

question

Who was Darwin's confidant who introduced the concept of evolution into geological theory?

answer

Lyell

question

Why, after many centuries of accepting biblical stories, did scholars question the one about Noah's ark?

answer

There were too many identified species to fit two of each into a boat.

question

What event(s) led common people to question whether humans were really unique creatures, totally unlike other species?

answer

Displays of orangutans and chimpanzees became common in zoos, as well as fossil comparisons of gorilla and human skeletons.

question

Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____.

answer

hard data to support such a theory

question

When in England, Darwin displayed a wide variety of physical symptoms. These symptoms were probably ____.

answer

psychosomatic-neurotic in origin

question

How many years did Darwin wait to present his theory publicly?

answer

22

question

A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____.

answer

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

question

The essential difference between Wallace's theory of evolution and Darwin's was that the work of the former ____.

answer

did not have empirical data to support it

question

What is the preeminent book of Darwin's theory of evolution, which details the evolution of humans from lower forms of life.

answer

On the Origin of Species

question

What was the most fundamental point of Darwin's theses?

answer

fact of variation among members of the species

question

Who predicted that humans in the future will live on the edge of starvation because the population of humans increases geometrically while the supply of food increases arithmetically?

answer

Malthus

question

Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____.

answer

acceptance; doctrine

question

Who could be described as the driving force of England's scientific establishment?

answer

Huxley

question

Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____.

answer

Huxley

question

n a public debate on evolution, ____ refuted the points made against evolution by ____.

answer

Huxley; Wilberforce

question

In his book ____, Darwin emphasized the similarity between human and animal mental processes.

answer

The Descent of Man

question

In his book ____, Darwin explained human emotional gestures, postures, and other aspects of body language that convey emotion as remnants of adaptive movements by animals.

answer

The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals

question

One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____..

answer

C. Darwin

question

In the study of finches' beaks, the biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant found that ____.

answer

1. Darwin had underestimated the power of natural selection 2. under drought conditions, more thick-than thin-beaked birds survived and reproduced 3. in only one generation, natural selection produced a better-adapted species 4. when heavy rains became common, birds with slender beaks flourished

question

In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ____.

answer

the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution

question

The influence of Darwin's work can be seen most directly in ____.

answer

comparative psychology

question

A methodological consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____.

answer

the legitimization of non-experimental descriptive methods

question

A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____.

answer

a focus on individual differences

question

In the Original Source Material from his autobiography, Charles Darwin described himself as ____.

answer

1. having "no great quickness of apprehension or wit" 2. "a poor critic" 3. "moderate abilities" 4. possessing a "love of natural science [which] has been steady and ardent"

question

Today, our acceptance that the study of individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work?

answer

Galton

question

Who wrote a 16th-century book on individual differences and argued that children's education should be individualized to recognize such differences?

answer

Huarte

question

Who wrote Hereditary Genius

answer

Galton

question

Galton's Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____.

answer

a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring

question

When Galton founded the science of eugenics, he ____.

answer

invented the term "eugenics"

question

The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____.

answer

eugenics

question

Galton argued that what proportion of eminence could be reliably attributed to environmental influences?

answer

0%

question

Which of the following did Galton not endorse in the material from Hereditary Genius?

answer

the idea of natural equality

question

Who first highlighted the importance of central tendency?

answer

Quetelet

question

Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed?

answer

Quetelet

question

Who arrived at the concept of the "average man" to describe findings from a large group of subjects?

answer

Quetelet

question

The idea of measures clustering around the of center or average of a distribution should be attributed to ____.

answer

Quetelet

question

Who was the first to show that human mental characteristics followed a normal distribution?

answer

Galton

question

Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____.

answer

the mean and the standard deviation

question

The formula currently used for calculating the correlation coefficient was developed by ____.

answer

Pearson

question

The term mental tests was coined by ____, but ____ originated this concept.

answer

Cattell; Galton

question

Mental tests were originated by ____.

answer

Galton

question

Galton's measures of intellectual functioning assumed correlation between intelligence and ____.

answer

acuteness of the senses

question

What had the greatest impact upon Galton's view on the measurement of intelligence?

answer

Locke's theory that all knowledge comes through the senses

question

The aim of the research at the Anthropometric Laboratory was to assess ____.

answer

the collective mental resources of the British people

question

What additional interest(s) did Galton research?

answer

The power of prayer

question

Which of the following are influenced by Galton's work?

answer

1. child development 2. heredity 3. statistical techniques 4. testing methods

question

Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of ____.

answer

the effects of childhood experiences on the adult

question

The first experimental attempt to study word associations was by ____.

answer

Galton

question

To study mental imagery, Galton used which self-report method?

answer

the questionnaire

question

Galton studied paranoid disorders by ____.

answer

imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him

question

In comparing evolutionary theory to theology, Galton's concluded that ____.

answer

there was insufficient evidence to support religious beliefs

question

According to ____, animals have no soul and thus are automata.

answer

Descartes

question

The notion that there is a continuity of consciousness and cognitive processes between animals and humans was suggested and/or demonstrated by ____.

answer

Darwin's evidence

question

According to Darwin, human emotional expressions reflect ____.

answer

the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans

question

Wundt's early position on animal intelligence was that ____.

answer

any sensory capacity at all allowed for judgment and drawing of conscious inferences

question

The first systematic study of animal intelligence was by ____.

answer

Romanes

question

The work of Romanes was especially flawed because of his ____.

answer

use of the anecdotal method

question

Whenever we think we "know what's on someone's mind," we are using which technique?

answer

introspection by analogy

question

Despite Romanes's deficiencies in methodology, he is respected by scientists for his ____.

answer

stimulation of the development of comparative psychology

question

The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____.

answer

make comparative psychology more scientific

question

The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____.

answer

Morgan

question

(T/F) Structuralism asked, "What does the mind do?" whereas functionalism asked, "How does it do it?"

answer

F

question

(T/F) The most important legacy of functionalism is applied psychology.

answer

T

question

(T/F) A sturdy root of functional psychology is animal behavior research

answer

T

question

(T/F) The intellectual Zeitgeist of the 19th century was ready for Darwin's theory, although the social Zeitgeist was not.

answer

F

question

(T/F) A fundamental thesis of Darwin's Origin was the principle of survival of the strongest.

answer

F

question

(T/F) Observations made over the course of two decades in the Galapagos Islands indicate that evolutionary changes occur much faster than Darwin previously thought

answer

T

question

(T/F) Drastic environmental changes can drive evolutionary changes in animal forms to occur over decades rather than over millennia.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Other than his theory of evolution, Darwin made no significant contributions to the field of psychology.

answer

F

question

(T/F) Ironically, Darwin's theory of evolution brought both consciousness and the study of animal behavior to the forefront of psychology.

answer

T

question

(T/F) While expanding the scope of the subject matter of psychology, Darwin's theory added emphasis to the notion that experimentation is the only method proper to the science of psychology.

answer

F

question

(T/F) Quetelet was the first to apply statistical methods to the examination of individual differences.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Galton gave us the correlational coefficient measure.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Galton created the term "mental tests".

answer

F

question

(T/F) Galton's basic assumption was that one's sensory abilities directly reflect one's intelligence.

answer

T

question

(T/F) The quality of Galton's research is verified by its reliability, as assessed as recently as 1985.

answer

T

question

(T/F) The first experimental examination of associations was by Wundt and Ebbinghaus.

answer

F

question

(T/F) Wundt argued that if an animal has any sensory ability, then it can make judgments and conscious inferences

answer

T

question

(T/F) Darwin selected G. J. Romanes to investigate the evolution of the mind.

answer

F

question

(T/F) The first book on comparative psychology was Animal Intelligence by Romanes.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Romanes's anecdotal method used observational reports about animal behavior.

answer

T

question

(T/F) When you say, " I know what my dog is thinking," you are practicing introspection by analogy.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Lloyd Morgan's Canon was an attempt to limit the tendency to attribute human cognitive processes and abilities to animals.

answer

T

question

(T/F) Romanes was the first scientist to conduct large-scale experimental studies in animal psychology.

answer

F

question

(T/F) The initial work in comparative psychology was carried out in England and the leadership in the field stayed there for more than a decade.

answer

F

question

(T/F) When psychologists began to examine mental processes in a completely different way than biologists studied anatomy, they laid the groundwork for functional psychology.

answer

F

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