Test Answers on Chapter 8 Sociology – Flashcards
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Deviance
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Behavior that violates significant social norms
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Stigma
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Mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
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Anomie
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Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable
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Primary Deviance
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Nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individual who commits deviant acts don't consider themselves to be deviant, neither does society
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Secondary Deviance
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Nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of 2nd deviance being labeled as deviant is true
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Differential Association
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Proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals
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Techniques of Neutralization
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Suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
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Criminologist
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Social scientists who study criminal behavior
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Corrections
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Sanctions used to punish criminals
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Racial Profiling
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The practice of assuming nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
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Crime Syndicate
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Large scale organization of professional criminals that control some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
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Plea Bargaining
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Process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
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Degradation Ceremony
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The process of labeling an individual as deviant
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Recidivism
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Repeated criminal behavior
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Police Discretion
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The power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested
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Social Functions of Deviance
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Clarifying Norms (What's Acceptable), Unifying the Group, Diffusing Tension, Promoting Social Change, Providing Jobs
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Theories of Deviance
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Functionalist-Strain Theory, Conflict- Conflict Theory, Interactionist- Control Theory/Cultural Transmission Theory/ Labeling Theory
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Strain Theory
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Deviance=Natural Outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society (Not everyone has means to achieve society's goals)
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Conflict Theory
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Competition and social inequality lead to deviance struggle between those who possess power and this ehi don't maintain position and obtain economic rewards
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Control Theory
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Deviance-Natural Occurrence, social ties conformities. Deviance results from weak self-control
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Cultural Transmission Theory
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Deviance-Learned Behavior from others in their primary group
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Labeling Theory
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How individuals come to be identified as a deviant (Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker, Howard Garfinkle)
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4 Forms of Adaptation
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Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
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Innovation
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Accept cultural goals, do not accept approved means for reaching goals
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Ritualism
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Don't accept personal goals, abandon goals, observe expected rules of behavior
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Retreatism
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Reject cultural goals, reject socially acceptable means of attaining them
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Rebellion
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Substitute new goals and means for approved set
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5 Categories of Crime
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Violent Crime, Crime Against Property, Victimless Crime, White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime
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What do police officers do?
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Most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act
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Sanctions used to punish people
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Retribution, Deterrence, Rehab, Social Protection
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Crime
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Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, prohibited by law, punishable by government
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Police officers are most likely to arrest
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Everyone who is accused of committing a crime
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Most arrests in the US are accounted by
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African Americans
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2 Responsibilities of the court system
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Determines Guilt or Innocence, Assigns Punishment if Guilty
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Functions served by Sanctions
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* Act of Revenge for the Victim and Society *Discouraged offenders from committing future crimes and influencing future crimes * Reform Criminals * Limits Freedom of Offenders
