Medical Terminology, Chapter 9, The Urinary System – Flashcards
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ablation
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the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function
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acute renal failure (ARF)
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has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia
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anuria
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the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
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benign prostatis hypertrophy
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an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50
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bladder retraining
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a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals
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bladder ultrasound
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the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination
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catheterization
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performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder
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chronic renal failure
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the progressive loss of renal functions
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computed tomography
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used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system
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cystalgia
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pain in the urinary bladder
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cystectomy
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the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
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cystitis
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an inflammation of the bladder
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cystocele
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a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a fallen bladder
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cystography
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a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter
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cystolith
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a stone located in the urinary bladder
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cystopexy
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the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
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cystorrhaphy
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the surgical suturing of the bladder
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cystoscopy
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the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
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dialysis
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a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
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diuresis
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the increased output of urine
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digital rectal examination
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performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer
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diuretics
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medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt
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dysuria
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difficult or painful urination
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edema
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excessive fluid in the body tissues
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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys
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enuresis
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the involuntary discharge of urine
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epispadias
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a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris
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extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel
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female urethra
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approximately 1.5 inches long; urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; conveys only urine
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glomerulonephritis
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a form of nephritis that involves primarily the glomeruli; also known as Bright's disease
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glomerulus
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a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule
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hemodialysis
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the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys
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hemolytic uremic syndrome
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a condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death
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hydronephrosis
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the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
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hydroureter
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the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
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hyperproteinuria
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the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
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hypoproteinemia
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the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
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hypospadias
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a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is into the vagina
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incontinence
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the inability to control excretory functions
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indwelling catheter
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one that remains inside the body for a prolonged time
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interstitial cystitis
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a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
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intravenous pyelogram
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a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters used to diagnose changed in the urinary tract
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Kegel exercises
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a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women
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KUB (Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder)
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a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contract medium
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lithotomy
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a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder
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lithotripsy
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to crush a stone
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male urethra
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approximately 8 inches long; urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; transports both urine and semen
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meatotomy
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a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
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medulla
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the inner region of the kidney
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nephrectasis
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the distention of a kidney
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nephritis
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an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
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nephrolith
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a stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone
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nephrolithiasis
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a disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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the surgical removal of a nephrolith (kidney stone) through an incision in the kidney
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nephrologist
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
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nephrolysis
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the freeing of a kidney from adhesions
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nephron
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a functional unit of the kidney
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nephropathy
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any disease of the kidney including degenerative and inflammatory conditions
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nephropexy
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the surgical fixation of a floating kidney
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nephroptosis
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the prolapse of a kidney
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nephropyosis
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suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney
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nephrosis
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any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation
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nephrostomy
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the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body
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nephrotic syndrome
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a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood
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neurogenic bladder
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a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
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nocturia
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excessive urination during the night
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nocturnal enuresis
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urinary incontinence during sleep
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oliguria
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scanty urination
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overactive bladder (OAB)
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occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active
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paraspadias
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a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis
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percutaneous nephrolithotomy
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treatment of a kidney stone that is performed with a nephroscope inserted through a small incision in the back
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peritoneal dialysis
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dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
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polycystic kidney disease
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a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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prostate cancer
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one of the most common cancers among men
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prostate gland
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part of the male reproductive system and surrounds the urethra
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prostatectomy
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the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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blood test used to screen for prostate cancer
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prostatism
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the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatis hypertrophy
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prostatitis
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an inflammation of the prostate gland
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pyelitis
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an inflammation of the renal pelvis
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pyelonephritis
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an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney
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pyeloplasty
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the surgical repair of the renal pelvis
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pyelotomy
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a surgical incision into the renal pelvis
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renal
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pertaining to the kidneys
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renal colic
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an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone
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renal cortex
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the outer region of the kidney
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renal failure
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the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
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renal pelvis
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the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla
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renal transplantation
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the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys; a kidney transplant
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retrograde urography
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a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract
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stone
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an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body; also known as a calculus
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stress incontinence
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the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
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suprapubic catheterization
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the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
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transurethral prostatectomy
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the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope
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trigone
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the smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureter and urethra
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trigonitis
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an inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone
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urea
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the major waste product of protein metabolism
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uremia
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a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood
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ureterectasis
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the distention of a ureter
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ureterectomy
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the surgical removal of a ureter
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ureterolith
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a stone located in a ureter
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ureteroplasty
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the surgical repair of a ureter
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ureterorrhagia
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the discharge of blood from the ureter
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ureterorrhaphy
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the surgical suturing of a ureter
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ureters
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two narrow tubes which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
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urethra
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the tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body
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urethral catheterization
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peformed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder
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urethral meatus
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the external opening of the urethra
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urethritis
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an inflammation of the urethra
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urethropexy
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the surgical fixation of the urethra, usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence
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urethrorrhagia
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bleeding from the urethra
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urethrorrhea
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an abnormal discharge from the urethra
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urethrostenosis
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abnormal narrowing of the urethra
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urethrostomy
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the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin
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urethrotomy
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a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
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urinalysis
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the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
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urinary bladder
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a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
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urinary hesitancy
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difficulty in starting a urinary stream
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urinary incontinence
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the inability to control the voiding of urine
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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an infection that usually begins in the bladder but that can affect all or parts of the urinary system
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urination
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the normal process of excreting urine
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urochrome
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the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color
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urologist
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
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vesicovaginal fistula
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an abnormal opening between the bladder and vaginan that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
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voiding cystourethrography
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a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
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Wilms tumor
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a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
