question

Who was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of observable behavior?

answer

Watson

question

For the most rapid conditioning a CS should be presented:

answer

About a half-second before the UCS

question

The predictability of an association between a CS and a UCS facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the UCS. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) __________ perspective.

answer

Cognitive

question

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a cat to salivate because the can opener has been associated with the presentation of food, the cat's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n):

answer

Conditioned response

question

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by:

answer

Negative reinforcements

question

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

answer

Extinction

question

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _________ schedule.

answer

Variable-ratio

question

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as:

answer

Any of the above {Similar to ourselves; respected and admired; successful}

question

Classical and operant conditioning both illustrate:

answer

Associative learning

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove

question

Because Carol would always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

answer

Positive reinforce

question

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

answer

Pavlov

question

Gambling at the slot machines is reinforced according to what schedule?

answer

Variable-ratio

question

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

answer

Bandura

question

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:

answer

Only some of the time

question

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

answer

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

question

Regarding the impact of television violence on children, most researchers believe that

answer

There is a correlation between exposure to violence and aggressive behavior

question

Learning is best defined as:

answer

A relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience

question

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the:

answer

CR

question

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that:

answer

In classical conditioning the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli

question

Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ____ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed interval; Fixed ratio

question

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was presented with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the:

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

During extinction, the ____ is omitted; as a result, the ___ seems to disappear.

answer

UCS; CR

question

If the onset of alight reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a _________ reinforcer.

answer

Conditioned

question

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of:

answer

Generalization

question

A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ____________.

answer

Conditioned reinforcer; Primary reinforcer

question

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ______ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is __________.

answer

Observational; Bandura

question

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Allen found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

answer

All of the above are examples of reinforcement {Presenting a positive stimulus after a response; Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response; Being told that you have done a good job}

question

The overjustification effect involves the loss of

answer

Intrinsic motivation

question

Jennifer proofreads manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $10 for every three pages she reads. Jennifer is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

Fixed-ratio

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the:

answer

UCS

question

After discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of:

answer

Using a cognitive map

question

Which of the following is an example of shaping?

answer

A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound similar to "Laura" and then for "Speaking" its owner's name

question

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because:

answer

Off all the above reasons {The punished subject may now make a habit of avoiding the punisher and in turn losing contact, respect, and a relationship with that person who may in fact be a parent; Punishing stimuli often create fear; Punishment often increases aggressiveness}

question

B. F. Skinner recommended that we control behavior with ________ rather than with ________.

answer

Reinforcement; Punishment

question

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was:

answer

Skinner

question

In Watson and Raynor's experiment, the loud noise was the _____ and the white rat was the _____.

answer

UCS; CS

question

The highest rate of response is produced by a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Variable ratio

question

Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to ________.

answer

Respondent behavior; Operant behavior

question

The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:

answer

Acquisition

question

When people are paid for performing tasks they enjoy, their self-motivation may decrease. This is called:

answer

The over-justification effect

question

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UCR is the:

answer

Salivation to the food in the mouth

question

After watching coverage of the Olympics on television, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games." Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?

answer

Observational learning

question

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

answer

Inserting coins into a slot machine

question

Online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of:

answer

Shaping and immediate reinforcement

question

Julie drinks alcohol in the early evening because it relieves her anxiety. Her drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

Mr. Trapper often tell his children to buckle their seatbelts, but rarely does so himself. His children will probably learn to:

answer

Tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed-ratio

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