unit one test (comprehensive) – Flashcards

(the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes) ontology and cosmology, (and is intimately connected with epistemology.)

(theology based on knowledge of the) natural world and human reason, (apart from revelation.)

(Philosophy dealing with the) conception of self

(a branch of philosophy that investigates) the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

the study of nature and the physical universe (that was dominant before the development of modern science)

(a branch of philosophy dealing with the) nature of beauty, art, and taste, (and with the creation and appreciation of beauty)

535-475 BCE ("you can't step in the same river twice." An ungovernable logos governs change- "the logos is always so")

515-440 BCE (rival to Heraclitus, thought you could step in the same river twice)

Thought about how the human being related to reality and what their place was in it

"homo mensura": Man is the measure Mankind determines his own reality

"might makes right" Its all about power The more powerful you are the more able you are to determine your own reality

A branch of Philosophy that deals with moral dilemmas and tries to understand if there is a Good or universal moral theory

For Aristotle ethics and politics were innately connected because if there is to be a just state then it must work on ethical grounds (focused on the needs of the many)

virtue or excellence

two types of Aristotle virtue

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Aristotle's Four Causes (list them)

Plato: Truth is gleamed from the soul because the soul is born with the Truth, the soul is immortal, Had beheld the Forms prior to embodiment, Birth is so traumatic that the soul forgets its immediate knowledge of the Forms Aristotle: Called the soul the Form of the Human body, implying that the soul is mortal just as the body is (140)

Material: The "stuff" out of which something is made- a marble statue is made out of a block of marble Formal: The essence or end of something, what it strives to be, (exists in potential and idea) Efficient: The force that brings about change in something Final: The ultimate purpose of something- (a marble statue to beautify the Parthenon) (the actualization of it)

Plato: believed in the Forms, a sphere of the ultimate Form of everything, what objects in common all have in common, we all have a prior knowledge of the Forms but cannot truly know them in this existence, the trauma of birth wiped our memory of them Aristotle: did not believe the Forms could be separate from an entity because that would be contradictory of an object's being, believed instead that everything had a Telos (potential) or ultimate end that it strives towards once we meet our telos this is our actualization, for human beings this is happiness because we all strive for it and it is not a means towards anything

Forms and Matter are not separate but the Forms are embedded within said object. Any object, by definition must have both Form and matter and the Forms cannot be separate. When you say what something is (tree, book, car) you are naming its Form. The Form is a thing's essence and is related to its function. Act/Potency: A famous example of this is an acorn, an acorn has the potential to become an oak tree. Once it actualizes itself it becomes an oak tree and the oak tree is the actualization of that prior acorn. (Potential to become something), (Its actualization or end/telos)

The cause of the universe What pushes everything to strive towards their individual telos Everything moves towards it It is pure thought and activity having no potential because it is perfection It thinks only about perfection (itself) Nonanthropomorphic

Speculative Philosophy: Metaphysics the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology. Natural theology theology based on knowledge of the natural world and on human reason, apart from revelation. Philosophy of the person Philosophy dealing with the conception of self Epistemology a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge. Philosophy of nature the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science Aesthetics a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty Practical Philosophy: Ethics A branch of Philosophy that deals with moral dilemmas and tries to understand if there is a Good or universal moral theory Political Philosophy: For Aristotle ethics and politics were innately connected because if there is to be a just state then it must work on ethical grounds (focused on the needs of the many)

(Draw)-See paper for divided line Allegory of the Cave: People are chained to a wall in a cave facing a wall, behind them is an exit with a fire in front of the exit, the fire casts shadows/images on the wall in front of them and this is what they know to be reality (conjecture), they then make opinions on these images (Belief), if they can ever escape their imprisonment then they will be able to see the exit and start to develop concepts related to their actual reality (Understanding), then once they leave the cave they will be able to experience true reality or the Forms of what create the shadows previously conceived (Pure Reason)

Aretέ- virtue or excellence Two types: Intellectual and Moral; Intellectual virtue is acquired through inheritance and education while Moral Virtue is formed by habit, practice, and imitation. Moral virtue results from a life of moderation. Philosophical wisdom is therefore forged from intellectual virtue while practical wisdom is partly due to both

Paramenides: Developed a circular logic stating that anything that exists must come from something else that previously existed and therefor is constant, based on this, he theorized that one could step in the same river twice Heraclitus: Believed that everything was in a state of constant flux so therefore you could not step in the same river twice Sophists: were concerned with man's place and significance in reality, Protagoras and Thrasymachus are historical sophists who believed that man was his own measure of reality and therefore could come institute conclusions based on his influence and personal significance, the most powerful man is the accurate one