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The study of chemistry is essential for the study of physiology because

answer

because body functions depend on cellular functions that, in turn, result from chemical changes.

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Biochemistry

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is the study of chemistry in living organisms

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Matter

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anything that has weight and takes up space

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All matter is composed of

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elements

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Examples of elements are

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are iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Compounds are

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chemical combinations

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Elements needed by the body in large amounts are called

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bulk elements

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. Six examples of bulk elements are

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are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

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Elements needed by the body in small amounts are called

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trace elements

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Trace elements are used by the body for parts of

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enzymes

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Ultratrace elements are

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elements needed by the body in very small amounts and are toxic in large amounts

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Elements are composed of particles called

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atoms.

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Atoms that make up elements are chemically identical to one another, but

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they differ from the atoms that make up other elements

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. The central portion of an atom is called the

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the nucleus

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The nucleus contains

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protons and usually neutrons

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Electrons carry a ___________charge

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negative

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Electrons are located around the

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nucleus

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Protons carry a ___________charge

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positive

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. Neutrons are electrically__________

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neutral

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nucleus of an atom is _______charged

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positively

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A complete atom is electrically___________

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neutral

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The atoms of different elements contain different numbers of ___________

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protons

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An atomic number is the

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number of protons in the atoms of a particular element.

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Carbon has an atomic number of

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six

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One atom of carbon contains ______ protons

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six

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The weight of an atom is primarily due to the

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weight of protons and neutrons.

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The atomic weight of an atom is the

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number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms

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The atomic weight of carbon is________.

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twelve

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One carbon atom has ___ protons and___neutrons.

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six, six

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Atoms of the same element can vary in atomic weights because.

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their number of neutrons may vary

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An oxygen atom with an atomic weight of 17 has

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eight protons and nine neutrons

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Isotopes are

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atoms that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights

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The number of electrons in an atom equals

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the number of protons

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Radioactive isotopes release

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atomic radiation.

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Examples of radioactive isotopes are isotopes of

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oxygen, iodine, iron, phosphorus, and cobalt

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Three common forms of atomic radiation are

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alpha, beta, and gamma radiation

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Alpha radiation consists of particles from atomic nuclei, each of which includes

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two protons and two neutrons.

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Beta radiation consists of

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electrons.

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The most penetrating type of atomic radiation is

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gamma radiation.

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Two or more atoms may combine to form a

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molecule.

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A molecular formula depicts the

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numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule

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The subscripts in a molecular formula indicate

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how many atoms of each element are present.

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When atoms of different elements combine molecules of substances called ______ form.

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compounds

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Bonds form when __________ combine

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atoms

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Electrons of an atom are found in

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energy shells

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The first electron shell can hold

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two electrons

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The second electron shell can hold

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eight electrons.

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The third electron shell of an atom with an atomic number 18 will hold

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eight electrons

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________electron shells are filled first.

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Innermost

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An atom will react with another atom if its outermost shell

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is not completely full of electrons.

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Inert atoms are

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atoms that have completely full outermost electron shells.

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Atoms with________filled outer shells tend to lose, gain, or share electrons in ways that empty or fill their outer shells to become stable.

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incompletely

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Ions are

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atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged

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A sodium atom loses_____electron to become stable.

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one

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A chlorine atom gains ______electron to become stable

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one

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If an atom loses an electron, it becomes __________ charged.

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positively

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If an atom gains an electron, it becomes ________ charged.

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negatively

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Positively charged ions are called

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cations

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Negatively charged ions are called

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anions

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An ionic bond forms when

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oppositely charged ions attract.

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A covalent bond forms

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when atoms share electrons.

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When one pair of electrons is shared between atoms, ___________bond is formed

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a single covalent

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When two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, a ________ bond is formed.

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double covalent

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When three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, a__________ bond is formed.

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triple covalent

question

A structural formula

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shows how atoms bond and are arranged in a molecule

question

When electrons are not shared equally in a covalent bond, a _____ forms.

answer

polar molecule

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An important example of a polar molecule is

answer

water

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A hydrogen bond is

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the weak attraction between the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule.

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Reactants of a chemical reaction are

answer

substances being changed.

question

Products of a chemical reaction are

answer

substances formed at the end of a chemical reaction.

question

A synthesis reaction occurs when

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two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure.

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A decomposition reaction occurs when .

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the bonds of a reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules

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An exchange reaction occurs when

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parts of two different kinds of molecules trade positions

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In reversible reactions,

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products can change back to the reactant or reactants

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Catalysts are

answer

molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the reactions

question

Catalysts are

answer

molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the reactions

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When salts are put into water, they dissolve into

answer

positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions).

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Substances that release ions in water are called

answer

electrolytes.

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Acids are

answer

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water.

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Bases are

answer

substances that combine with hydrogen ions.

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A salt is a substance formed by the reaction between

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an acid and a base.

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Hydrogen ion concentration is typically measured in

answer

grams of ions per liter of solution.

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The pH scale is a shorthand system used to indicate

answer

the concentration of hydrogen ions.

question

A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.1 grams per liter has a pH value of

answer

1.0.

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A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001 grams per liter has a pH value of

answer

3.0.

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The pH scale ranges from

answer

0 to 14.

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Each whole number on the pH scale represents a tenfold difference in .

answer

hydrogen ion concentration

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As the hydrogen ion concentration increases,

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the pH decreases.

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A neutral pH is

answer

7.0.

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________have pH values that are less than 7.0.

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Acidic solutions

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___________ have pH values that are more than 7.0.

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Alkaline solutions

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Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are

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acidic.

question

Solutions with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions are _______or_____.

answer

basic or alkaline.

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Solutions with equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are neutral

answer

neutral

question

The normal pH of blood is

answer

7.35 - 7.45.

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Alkalosis is

answer

a rise in blood pH

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Acidosis is

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a fall in blood pH.

question

Buffers are

answer

chemicals that resist pH change

question

Chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen are organic.

answer

organic.

question

Chemicals that generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen are

answer

inorganic

question

Many organic chemicals have long chains or ring structures that can be formed because of a.

answer

carbon atom's ability to form four covalent bonds

question

Inorganic chemicals usually dissociate _in__ ______

answer

water.

question

Organic chemicals usually dissolve in ___________ ________

answer

organic liquids.

question

____________ are compounds that do not release ions when dissolved in water.

answer

Nonelectrolytes

question

Four common inorganic substances in cells are .

answer

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

question

The most abundant compound in living material is

answer

water.

question

Most metabolic reactions occur in ________because when substances dissolve in water, the polar water molecules cause molecules of the substance to separate from each other or to break up into ions. These particles are then much more likely to take part in chemical reactions.

answer

water

question

In the body, _____ transports chemicals, waste materials and heat

answer

water

question

Organelles use _____ to release energy from nutrient molecules.

answer

oxygen

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A continuing supply of_________ is necessary for cell survival

answer

oxygen

question

______ _______is produced when energy is released during certain metabolic processes.

answer

Carbon dioxide

question

As ______ _______moves into body fluids and blood, it reacts with water to form a weak acid (carbonic acid).

answer

carbon dioxide

question

Inorganic salts are sources of many necessary

answer

ions

question

______ _________ is the condition of having electrolytes in correct concentrations, both inside and outside cells

answer

Electrolyte balance

question

Four groups of organic substances in cells are

answer

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Three things _________ supply to cells are energy, materials to build certain cell structures, and a reserve energy supply.

answer

carbohydrates

question

Three elements always found in carbohydrates are

answer

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

question

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates is close to

answer

2:1.

question

Two types of simple _______ are monosaccharides and disaccharides

answer

sugars

question

Monosaccharides have __ - ___ carbons

answer

3-7

question

Disaccharides have __ carbons

answer

12

question

Three examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose

answer

glucose, fructose, and galactose

question

Two examples of _________ are sucrose and lactose.

answer

disaccharides

question

Complex carbohydrates are

answer

polysaccharides

question

__________ are built from simple carbohydrates

answer

Polysaccharides

question

Three examples of ___________are cellulose, starch, and glycogen

answer

polysaccharides

question

Lipids are soluble in _______ solvents.

answer

organic

question

Three examples of_______are fats, phospholipids, and steroids

answer

lipids

question

Three elements found in ______molecules are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

answer

fat

question

______have a smaller proportion of oxygen than carbohydrates.

answer

Fats

question

The building blocks of___molecules are fatty acids and glycerol.

answer

fat

question

All fatty acid molecules include a _________group at the end of a chain of carbon atoms

answer

carboxyl

question

Two ways fatty acid molecules differ are in

answer

the lengths of their carbon atom chains and the way the carbon atoms join together

question

A _______________is one in which the carbon atoms are linked by single carbon-carbon bonds.

answer

saturated fatty acid

question

Fatty acids with one double carbon-carbon bond is

answer

monounsaturated

question

Fatty acids with more than one double carbon-carbon bond is

answer

polyunsaturated.

question

A single fat molecule is called a

answer

triglyceride

question

One_________ contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

answer

triglyceride

question

Saturated fats contain only

answer

saturated fatty acids.

question

_________contain at least one unsaturated fatty acid

answer

Unsaturated fats

question

The number of fatty acid chains in a phospholipid molecule is

answer

two

question

The part of a ______ ______ that is soluble in water is the phosphate containing portion.

answer

phospholipid molecule

question

The part of a phospholipid molecule that is insoluble in water is the

answer

fatty acid portion.

question

______________ are important in cellular structures.

answer

Phospholipids

question

_________contain connected rings of carbon atoms.

answer

Steroids

question

.An important steroid found in all body cells is

answer

cholesterol

question

_______________ is used to synthesize other steroids, sex hormones, and hormones from the adrenal glands.

answer

Cholesterol

question

Three important functions of___________are to serve as structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers. _______also function as receptors, antibodies, and enzymes.

answer

proteins

question

____________are catalysts in living systems

answer

Enzymes

question

One element sometimes found in proteins is .

answer

sulfur

question

The building blocks of proteins are

answer

amino acids

question

___________ have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end

answer

Amino acids

question

The twenty amino acids differ in their side chains or

answer

R groups

question

Peptide bonds are

answer

covalent bonds between amino acids

question

A ______________is a chain of amino acids.

answer

polypeptide

question

The four levels of protein structure are

answer

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

question

The primary structure of a ______ is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.

answer

protein

question

In secondary structure, a _______ chain forms an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet.

answer

polypeptide

question

Hydrogen bonding determines

answer

secondary structure

question

The folding of secondary structure is called

answer

tertiary structure.

question

________is determined by its distinct conformation created by its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.

answer

Protein function

question

When a protein ______, it loses its tertiary or secondary structure.

answer

denatures

question

Four things that cause a protein to denature are

answer

heat, radiation, pH changes, and certain chemicals

question

The _______ structure of a protein forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein

answer

quaternary

question

____________carry the instructions that control a cell's activities by encoding the amino acid sequences of proteins in its building blocks.

answer

Nucleic acids

question

The five elements found in nucleic acids are

answer

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

question

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

answer

nucleotides.

question

The three parts of a nucleotide are a

answer

5-carbon containing sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several organic bases

question

A _________ is a chain of nucleotides.

answer

polynucleotide

question

Two major types of nucleic acids are

answer

DNA and RNA

question

RNA contains the sugar

answer

ribose

question

DNA contains the sugar

answer

deoxyribose

question

_____is a single polynucleotide chain

answer

RNA

question

_____ is a double polynucleotide chain

answer

DNA

question

The function of ____ is to store information for protein synthesis

answer

DNA

question

The function of RNA is to use the information stored in DNA to construct specific protein molecules. true or false

answer

true

question

______has the unique ability to make copies of itself.

answer

DNA

Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life – Flashcards

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