Psychology- Quiz ch 1 – Flashcards
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define psychology
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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What are the three key concepts of Psychology?
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Scientific, behavior, mental process
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Define scientific in psychology.
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psychological science collects and evaluates information using systematic observations and measurements.
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Define behavior in psychology.
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anything we do that can be directly observed and recorded- talking, sleeping, text messaging.
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Define the mental processes in psychology.
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our private, internal experiences, thoughts, perceptions, feelings, memories, that cannot be observed directly.
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Define critical thinking.
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Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information.
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What are psychology's four main goals?
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Description, explanation, prediction, change.
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Define description.
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It tells "what" occurred. usually the first step in understanding behavior.
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Define explanation.
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It tells "why" a behavior or mental process occurred. Explaining a behavior depending on discovering and understanding its causes.
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What is the difference between nature and nurture?
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Nature- biological and genetic factors. Nurture- environment and leaning
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Define prediction.
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Identifying the conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur.
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Define change.
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applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes or bring about desired goals.
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Define clinical psychology.
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Specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.
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Define health psychology.
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Studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
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Define developmental psychology.
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Studies the course of human growth and development from conception to death.
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Define Biopsychology.
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The branch of psychology concerned with its biological and physiological aspects.
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Define psychoanalytical psychology.
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Psychoanalytic approach focuses on unconscious processes and unrevolved conflicts.
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Define Neuropsychology.
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The study of the relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition on the one hand, and brain function on the other.
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Define peer review.
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evaluate professionally a colleague's work.
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Define behavioral perspective.
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Emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior.
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Define cognitive perspective.
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Focuses on thinking, perceiving, and information processing.
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Define humanistic perspective.
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Emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth-seeking
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Define evolutionary perspective.
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Focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes.
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Define biopsychosocial model.
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Unifying theme of modern psychology that incorporates biological, psychological, and social processes.
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What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism?
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Structuralism deals with the structure of mental life and functionalism studies how the mind adapts human and nonhuman animals to their environment.
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What did Freud discover?
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He founded the psychoanalytic perspective, an influential theory of personality, and a type of therapy known as psychoanalysis.
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What did Watson discover?
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Founder of behaviorism.
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What did Skinner discover?
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Developed the so-called "Skinner box" to investigate behavior.
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What is the difference between applied and basic research?
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Applied- generally conducted outside the laboratory. Research designed to solve practical problems. Basic research- Typically conducted in universities or research laboratories by researchers. Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge.
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Why do scientists replicate their research?
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Repeating a research study, using different procedures or participants in varied settings, to check the confidence in prior findings.
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What is meta-analysis?
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Statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies.
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What is a hypothesis?
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Specific, testable prediction about how one factor, or variable, is related to another.
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What is an operational definition?
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Precise description of how the variable in a study will be observed and measured.
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Define experimental research.
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Carefully controlled scientific procedure that involves manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect.
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What is an independent variable and a dependent variable?
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Independent variable- variable that is manipulated to determine its casual effect on the dependent variable. Dependent variable- variable that is measured; is it affected by the independent variable.
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What is correlation and how it is used in research?
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Correlation identifies relationships and assesses how well one variable predicts another. Helps clarify relationships between variables, which cannot be examined by other methods, and allows prediction.
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What is the difference between correlation and experimental research?
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Experimental finds cause and effect, and correlation shows how one variable effects another.
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What is a blind study?
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only the researcher, and not the participants, knows who is in either the experimental or control group.
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What is a double blind study?
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Both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group.
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What are the 5 ethical rights involved with research with humans and other animals?
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Informed consent, voluntary participation, restricted use of deception and debriefing, confidentiality, alternative activities.
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What is informed consent?
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Participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect.
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What is voluntary participation?
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Participants should be told they are free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time.
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What is restricted use of deception and debriefing?
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If participants know the purpose behind the research they might not answer truthfully. upon completion of the research, participants are informed of the study's design and purpose, and explanations are provided for any possible deception.
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What is confidentiality?
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All information acquired about people during a study must be kept private and not published in such a way that individual rights to privacy are compromised.
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What is alternate activities?
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All students must be given the choice of an alternate activity of equal value if they do not want to do something
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What is naturalistic observational research?
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Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant's natural state or habitat.
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What is survey research?
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Research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes.
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What are case study research?
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In-depth study of a single research participant.
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What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
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What is a stimulus response?
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A characterization of a statistical unit (such as a neuron) as a black box model, predicting a quantitative response to a quantitative stimulus, for example one administered by a researcher.
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What are the different technologies used in psychology and what are they used for?
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brain dissection, ablation/lasions, observation/ case studies, electrical recordings, electrical stimulation of the brain, TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation, CT scan, PET scan, MRI.
