FSHN 120: Midterm 1 – Flashcards
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A 2000-calorie diet meeting the AMDR for carbohydrates would have ______ g carbohydrate.
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225 to 325
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Which of the following describes the vitamins A, D, E, and K?
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Potentially toxic
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Which of the following indicates that a nutrition website may not be a reliable source of information?
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Website address with a ".com" ending
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Your grandmother has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which of the following professionals is MOST likely to be qualified to offer your grandmother assistance in planning her diabetic diet?
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Registered Dietitian (RD)
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(T/F) Nutrigenomics research has shown that a mother's food intake can affect the genes expressed by her children.
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True
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Dr. Sullivan is conducting a clinical trial to determine if vitamin Z can improve test performance of students in an introductory college nutrition course. Dr. Sullivan puts all the student names in a hat and draws names to determine if they will be placed in the control or the experimental group. The experimental group receives a capsule of vitamin Z and the control group a "sugar pill" that tastes and looks identical to the vitamin Z capsule. Neither Dr. Sullivan nor the participants knows who is receiving which treatment. This experiment is BEST described as
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Double-blind, Random Selection, Placebo-controlled.
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The BRFSS is the government
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survey that tracks lifestyle habitats that increase risks for developing chronic diseases.
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Which dietary standard, expressed as percentages of total energy, defines the recommended intake range for the macronutrients?
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
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Which of the following chronic diseases is NOT strongly associated with dietary choices? - Obesity - Alzheimer's disease - Heart disease - Type 2 diabetes
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Alzheimer's Disease
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(T/F) A placebo is the misrepresentation of a product, program, or service for financial gain.
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False
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Which of the following is an example of disease that is directly caused by a nutritional deficiency? - Pellagra - Type 2 diabetes - Heart disease - Cancer
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Pellagra
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Amino acids are the smallest unit of a
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Protein
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A slice of pumpkin bread contains 5 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbohydrate, and 5 grams of protein. What percent of the bread's Calories are from fat?
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20%
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(T/F) The earliest discoveries in the field of nutrition focused on nutritional deficiencies and illness.
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True
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A significant challenge of nutrigenomics is _____.
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Large number of variables
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The chemicals found in foods that are critical to human growth and function are called
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Nutrients
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The highest average amount of a nutrient that can be consumed without a risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular age and gender group is called the
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate-rich foods?
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Wheat and Lentils
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As the study of nutrition evolves, what best reflects the objectives of current nutrition research? - The relationship between genes and health. - The role of diet in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. - The relationship between vitamin C deficiency and pellagra. - The link between folic acid and birth defects.
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The role of diet in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract benefit our health by
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producing enzymes that help digest food and absorb nutrients.
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The "supersizing" phenomenon refers to the
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substantial growth in serving sizes of purchased meals.
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Why are there several ethnic variations of the 2005 MyPyramid?
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to allow for culturally and ethnically different food choices.
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Which of the following does the Harvard School of Public Health's Healthy Eating Plate NOT include? - preference for raw whole milk and cheeses - consumption of almost all grains as whole grains - emphasis on healthy oils - drinking tea or coffee with little or no added sugar
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preference for raw whole milk and cheeses
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The _________ is(are) a set of principles developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department. of Health and Human Services designed to assist Americans in designing a healthful diet.
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Dietary Guidelines for American
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The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that a healthful diet include proteins that are
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lower in solid fats and calories
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(T/F) The serving sizes recommended in the USDA Food Patterns are close to those sold in grocery stores.
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False
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Which of the following foods is exempt from standard food labeling regulations? - cereal - yogurt - meat - bread
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Meat.
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Jack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories a day to support his total energy needs. Even though Jack likes many different foods and makes it a point to try new things, he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. Which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Jack missing? - Moderation - Adequacy - Balance - Variety
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Adequacy
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As the study of nutrition evolves, what best reflects the objectives of current nutrition research?
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The role of diet in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes
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Appetite is triggered by ______
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?
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Miguel's doctor has recommended that he consume less fat and saturated fat. At his favorite fast-food restaurant for lunch, Miguel chooses between a chicken club sandwich (620 Calories, 29 g of total fat, 15 g of saturated fat) and a grilled chicken sandwich (460 Calories, 16 g of total fat, 6 g of saturated fat). What is the percent daily value of total fat and saturated fat in the lower-fat grilled sandwich?
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31% total fat/11% saturated fat
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(T/F) For an adult to enjoy a food, it must have been introduced in childhood.
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False
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The label on a bag of potato chips indicates that one serving contains 250 Calories, with 150 Calories from fat. What percent of Calories comes from fat?
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60
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(T/F) Food labeling regulations allow manufacturers to omit the footnote of the Nutrition Facts panel on smaller products.
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True
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When dining out at a restaurant, which of the following is the most healthful appetizer choice? - jalapen~o poppers - spinach and artichoke dip - grilled asparagus - clam chowder
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Grilled Asparagus
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(T/F) Oils are included as a separate group in the 2010 USDA Food Patterns
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False
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According to the USDA Food Patterns, which of the following foods is NOT a food that is considered to have empty Calories? - whole milk - fruit drinks - grapes - chocolate cake
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Grapes
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(T/F) The Dietary Guidelines are a set of principles designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for all developing and developed countries.
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False
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The desire to eat in response to anxiety, boredom, or stress is likely the result of ______.
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Appetite
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Sensory data influences appetite and includes______.
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?
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A cell's boundary is defined by its _________.
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Membrane
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(T/F) Leptin is a hormone that suppresses hunger
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True
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The brush border is located in the
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small intestine
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Appetite is triggered by
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environmental cues, such as the smell or taste of food
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(T/F) Heartburn more than twice a week is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux (GER).
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True
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When the stomach is full, it can expand to hold approximately
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1 gallon of food or water
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Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by autoimmune reactions in response to consumption of _________.
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gluten
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The ______ is responsible for regulating nutrients in the blood after absorption.
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?
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(T/F) The atom is the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the properties of growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
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False
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DNA, which is found in the nucleus of cells, provides instructions for cells to make ______. - organs - fats - proteins - carbohydrates
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Proteins
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What plays a key role in the development of most gastric ulcers?
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Helicobacter pylori
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(T/F) Wheat is the only grain that people with celiac disease have to carefully avoid.
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False
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(T/F) Cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions.
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True
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The primary function of mucus in the stomach is to
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Protect the stomach cells from gastric juices (eg. HCI)
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Orange juice has a pH of 4. What is its relative acidity compared to pure water, which has a pH of 7?
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1,000 times more acidic
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Which of the following foods or beverages is considered safe to consume when traveling to high-risk foreign destinations? - salads and lettuce - ice made from tap water - coffee and tea - refrigerated shellfish
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Coffee and tea
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(T/F) The macronutrient with the highest satiety value is protein.
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True
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(T/F) Peptic ulcers are areas of the gastrointestinal tract that have been eroded by insulin and glucagon.
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False
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Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called
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Bile
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Assuming the Calories and relative sizes are similar, which of the following snacks will have the highest satiety value? - glass of skim milk - piece of cheese - glass of orange juice - slice of whole-grain bread
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Piece of cheese
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(T/F) Insulin therapy can be administered by an oral medication or by injection.
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False
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Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for Type 2 diabetes? - Parent or sibling with Type 2 diabetes - Sedentary lifestyle - History of gestational diabetes - Race
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Sedentary Lifestyle
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Which of the following is NOT associated with type 2 diabetes? - insulin insensitivity - autoimmune disease - sedentary lifestyle - obesity
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autoimmune disease
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Which of the following fruits contains the highest supply of fiber-rich carbohydrates? -1 cup of fresh strawberries - 1 medium pear with skin - 1 cup of blackberries - 1 medium banana
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1 cup of blackberries
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(T/F) Honey is a more nutritious and healthful sweetener than table sugar.
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False
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An example of a macrovascular complication of diabetes is _____.
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Cardiovascular disease
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Which of the following is NOT a health problem related to eating too much sugar? - diabetes - hyperactivity in children - obesity - tooth decay
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Hyperactivity in children
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Which of the following is a component of metabolic syndrome? - Advanced age - Sedentary lifestyle - Elevated blood pressure - Excessive carbohydrate intake
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Elevated blood pressure
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Cortisol and growth hormone both have roles in _____ blood sugar, whereas insulin plays a role in ______ blood sugar.
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increasing/decreasing
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Insulin is synthesized and secreted by the
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Pancreas
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Which of the following has the highest glycemic index value? - instant mashed potatoes - ice cream - white rice - apples
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Instant mashed potatoes
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Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate? - galactose - glycogen - pectin - cellulose
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Galactose
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In the diet, the nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds are known as
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Dietary Fiber
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In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and
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Liver
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(T/F) Research has shown that the high consumption of high-fructose corn syrup is one of the major causes of obesity in the United States today.
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False
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Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis? - glycogen - galactose - glucose - lactose
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Glucose
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Which of the following artificial sweeteners is made from sucrose? - sucralose - saccharine - aspartame - acesulfame-K
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Sucralose
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When we don't consume enough carbohydrate, what substances does the body produce as an alternative fuel?
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Ketones
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Which of the following would be a good snack choice for someone trying to reduce sugar intake? - canned pears in heavy syrup - canned pineapple in light syrup - sweetened fruit "leather" - unsweetened dried cranberries
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Unsweetened dried cranberries
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(T/F) Overconsumption of simple sugars causes hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children.
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False
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Cholesterol is the most common ______ in the diet.
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Sterol
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(T/F) Lipids that contain multiple carbon-ring structures are known as phospholipids.
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False
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(T/F) Even if the Nutrition Facts panel states 0 g trans fats, the product could still have 1/2 g of trans fat per serving.
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True
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Fat blockers are said to decrease the amount of fat absorbed in the ________.
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Small intestine
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What role do polyunsaturated fatty acids play in the brain and spinal cord?
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They help transmit information between cells of the brain and spinal cord.
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(T/F) Lipids with a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids with a phosphate group are known as sterols.
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False
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A triglyceride is comprised of
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three fatty acids and one glycerol
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(T/F) Fat is digested more easily than carbohydrate or protein
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False
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Which of the following fatty acids is generally solid at room temperature? - saturated - short-chain - polyunsaturated - monounsaturated
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Saturated
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The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is ______ of total energy.
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20% - 35%
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Nuts are a good source of
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healthful unsaturated fats
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Research has found the strongest association between dietary fat intake and what type of cancer?
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Prostate
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(T/F) Americans consume adequate amounts of linoleic acid but not enough ALA, EPA, or DHA.
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True
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(T/F) Fatty streaks in blood vessels indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
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True
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What is the daily recommended intake of saturated fat?
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No more than 10% of total energy intake
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What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
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Heart Disease
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Medium-chain fatty acids are how many carbon atoms in length?
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At least 6
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(T/F) Fat is the most energy-dense of all the macronutrients.
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True
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(T/F) in general, animal-based fats are high in saturated fats.
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True
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The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is what percentage of total energy intake?
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No more than 35%
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(T/F) Protein-energy malnutrition is seen only in developing countries.
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False
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The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is
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Sodium
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A polypeptide consist of how many strings of amino acids?
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10 or more
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Which of the following is the MOST complete protein from a plant source? - apples - soybeans - green beans - bread
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Soybeans
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(T/F) Research shows that smokers benefit from daily supplements of beta carotene.
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False
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Which statement is FALSE regarding fat-soluble vitamins? - Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue and the liver. - Over-consumption of fat-soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity symptoms. - Fat-soluble vitamins need to be consumed on a daily basis. - Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fat.
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Fat-soluble vitamins need to be consumed on a daily basis
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(T/F) Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions without being physically altered.
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True
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Symptoms such as edema, distention of the belly, loss of appetite, skin problems, and retarded growth and development are often associated with _______.
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Kwashiorkor
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Which of the following, found in high-fiber foods, inhibits the absorption of iron and zinc? - heme - oxalic acid - pyridoxine - phenol
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Oxalic acid
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Vitamin C and the B vitamins are all _________ vitamins.
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Water-soluble
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The distinctive spiral shape of a protein is known as its ________ structure.
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Secondary
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A pescovegetarian would include _____ in their diet.
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Fish
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The link between beriberi and thiamin was first found through _____.
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Observation
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Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of existing proteins to provide amino acids for building new proteins? - turnover - acidosis - transcription - translation
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Turnover
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_____ foods are sources of fat-soluble vitamins.
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?
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Which of the following is an amino-acid containing hormone? - progesterone - estrogen - insulin - adrenal hormones
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Insulin
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(T/F) Non-heme iron is absorbed more readily with vitamin C-rich foods.
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True
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Toxicity from water-soluble vitamins is _____.
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Rare
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(T/F) Most minerals are absorbed better from animal food sources than from supplements.
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True
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(T/F) Macronutrients are more efficiently absorbed by the body than micronutrients.
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True
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(T/F) BMI is a measurement used to determine a person's body composition.
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False
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Many prescription medications currently available for obesity treatment decrease appetite and increase satiety. Orlistat _________.
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Inhibits absorption of dietary fat
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(T/F) More women die from anorexia nervosa than die from bulimia nervosa.
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True
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Being underweight increases a person's risk of developing
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Infection and illness
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(T/F) The set-point theory suggests that our bodies are designed to maintain our weight within a narrow range.
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True
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The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, osteoporosis, and __________.
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Amenorrhea (menstrual disruption)
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Robin's dinner contains 750 kilocalories. What is the minimum amount of kilocalories that Robin will expend in order to process this meal?
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38 kcal
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet? - Sugar Busters - the DASH diet - Protein Power - Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution
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the DASH diet
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(T/F) The energy we expend to maintain respiration and circulation is known as the energy cost of physical activity.
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False
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(T/F) The majority of obese people have a depressed basal metabolic rate.
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False
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What type of weight loss will an individual experience by restricting Calories but not increasing his or her level of physical activity?
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The individual will lose mostly lean body tissue
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Which of the following would NOT be good advice for someone who is trying to gain weight? - Eat an additional 500 to 1,000 kcal a day. - Eat small, frequent meals. - Follow a Mediterranean-style diet. - Do not exercise.
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Do not exercise
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Which of the following psychiatric disorders causes the most deaths among women between the ages of 15 and 24? - anorexia nervosa - psychosis - depression - schizophrenia
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Anorexia nervosa
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Which of the following individuals would MOST likely have the lowest basal metabolic rate? - a 28-year-old anorexic woman - a 28-year-old conditioned male athlete - a 28-year-old pregnant woman - a 28-year-old normal weight male
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?
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The electrolyte imbalances that are often seen with eating disorders can result in
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Irregular hearbeat and heart failure
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The women who lost the most weight during the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial reduced their Calories consumed from
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Fat.
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In which of the following sports are male athletes at greater risk for developing bulimia nervosa? - Basketball - Baseball - Wrestling - Football
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Wrestling
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Arthur is 65 years old, and his BMI classifies him as obese. Which of the following is he LEAST likely to be at risk for? - cognitive decline - Alzheimer's disease - dementia - type 1 diabetes
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Type 1 Diabetes
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(T/F) If your sibling has or has had an eating disorder, it places you at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder.
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True
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For _____ a waist circumference more than ____ inches can indicate increased risk for chronic disease.
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Women; 35
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(T/F) Consuming high-carbohydrate foods during the 24 hours after exercise can enhance glycogen storage.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT one of the physiological effects of regular physical activity? - decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - enhances the action of insulin - enhances gastric motility - improves sleep patterns
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decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
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Intensity of activity refers to ______.
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the amount of effort expended
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The primary end product of glycolysis is
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pyruvic acid
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a common deceptive practice used to market and sell ergogenic aids? - paying celebrities to endorse products - publishing research in peer-reviewed scientific journals - exercising inappropriate control over study results - advertising through infomercials and mass-media marketing videos
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publishing research in peer-reviewed scientific journals
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Any leisure-time physical activity that is purposeful, planned, and structured is considered
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exercise
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Which of the following is not an effective ergogenic aid
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?
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(T/F) Muscle tissue contains enough creatine phosphate (CP) to sustain physical activity for up to 10 to 15 minutes.
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False
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Guidelines set by the Institute of Medicine state that the minimum amount of physical activity needed to maintain health and fitness is ______.
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60 minutes a day
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Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which regular physical activity can reduce the risks for heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure? - It raises triglyceride levels in the blood. - It increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. - It limits the progression of atherosclerosis. - It helps maintain healthy blood pressure.
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It raises triglyceride levels in the blood
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Which of the following is NOT a component of physical fitness? - Body composition - Flexibility - Strong muscles and bones - Caloric restriction
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Caloric restriction
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(T/F) The target intensity for flexibility is to stretch through a joint's full range of motion.
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True
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The amount of ATP produced in glycolysis can maintain exercise for no more than how many minutes?
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3 minutes
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A sound fitness program includes _________.
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warm-up and cool-down periods
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(T/F) The longer the fatty acid chain, the more ATP can be generated from breakdown.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT true about the use of scientific research in marketing ergogenic aids? - Less than 3% of research studies used to promote ergogenic aids were found to be of high quality and at a low risk for bias. - One marketing strategy is to claim research has been done but not provide specifics. - The Federal Trade Commission requires that all research claims be objective and of authenticated quality. - Ergogenic marketers often use research out of context to promote their products.
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The Federal Trade Commission requires that all research claims be objective and of authenticated quality.
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What is the role of lactic acid?
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It plays a critical role in supplying fuel to the working muscles, heart, and resting tissues
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In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading NOT be beneficial? - weight lifting - distance swimming - marathons - cross-country skiing
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Weight lifting
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Elisa is a gymnast who trains on average for two hours each day. She supports her daily activity by consuming 2,500 kilocalories per day. What is the minimum number of kilocalories she should consume from carbohydrates?
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1,125 kcal
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Which of the following BEST describes how ATP provides energy to the body's cells? - Energy is released when adenosine binds to three phosphate molecules. - Energy is released when a phosphate group is cleaved from the ATP molecule. - Energy is released when two molecules of ATP combine. - Energy is released when ATP is transported out of the cell membrane.
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Energy is released when a phosphate group is cleaved from the ATP molecule
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Which of the following is not an example of the food movement? - Subsidies - School gardens - Corporate involvement - Farmers' markets
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Subsidies
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One of the main goals of the fair trade movement is to
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Improve the rights and working conditions of farm workers
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Which of the following is not an example of a change students can make to increase sustainability and equity? - buying foods that are certified as Fair Trade - increasing consumption of meat - increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables - buying organic foods
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Increasing consumption of meat
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Which of the following agricultural practices controls soil erosion? - heavy tilling of row crops - crop rotation - irrigation - large-scale livestock production
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Crop Rotation
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(T/F) Fair Trade Certified coffee, tea, and cocoa is produced by adult workers earning a living wage.
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True
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The post-World War II program to increase worldwide food production through industrial farming techniques is known as the
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Green revolution
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Which of the following trend is NOT a factor in the recent FoodCorps program to increase the number of school gardens? - overall poor quality of children's diets - decreased corporate investment in sustainable agriculture - reduced opportunities for children to participate in regular physical activity - increase in childhood obesity
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Decreased corporate investment in sustainable agriculture
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Since the 1960s, high-yield varieties of rice, corn, and wheat have kept millions of people from starving.
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True
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Which of the following individuals would NOT be eligible to receive the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits? - James, a seven-year-old child - Bonita, a three-month-old infant - Juan, a two-year-old child - Mary, a 32-year-old pregnant woman
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James, a seven-year-old child
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What is the term for a situation in which people are unable to obtain enough food to meet their daily physical needs?
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Food insecurity
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Which of the following locations is most likely to be described as a food desert? - Suburban neighborhood - New York City - Isolated rural regions - A college campus
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Isolated rural regions
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Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit associated with sustainable meat production? - decrease in biodiversity - recycling of animal wastes for fertilizers and fuel - humane treatment of animals - decreased use of antibiotics and synthetic hormones
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Decrease in biodiversity
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Isolated rural areas and inner-city neighborhoods that lack access to affordable, nutritious food are known as
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food deserts
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How does the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness work to end food insecurity in the United States?
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Training students to meet the immediate needs of the hungry
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(T/F) In the United States, food insecurity is caused by the lack of enough food produced to feed all the people who live in poverty.
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False
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Purchasing organic foods helps protect the environment by encouraging a reduction of
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The use of chemical pesticides and herbicides
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What is the primary cause of global undernutrition?
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Unequal distribution of food due to poverty
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(T/F) The primary component of sustainability is attaining a surplus of food crops.
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False
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What is the primary reason for undernutrition?
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Poverty
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Which of the following is NOT an example of private sector support for sustainable agriculture? - venture-capital investments in food start-ups - corporate purchases of produce from small and mid-size local farms - the national initiative known as Healthy Corner Stores - corporate training programs in sustainable farming practices
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?
