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Pathological Anatomy

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also called morbid anatomy, which are structural changes that accompany disease

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Pathological Anatomy has two subdivisions:

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A) Gross Pathology B) Histo- Pathology

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Gross Pathology

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how disease affects whole organs

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Histo- Pathology (microscopic)

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how diseases affects the functions of cells and tissues

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Surgical Pathology

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the application of pathological procedures and techniques for investigating tissues removed during a surgical procedure

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Clinical Pathology

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Testing procedures on living persons and the practice of pathology as it relates to patient care

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Physiological Pathology

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study of how normal physiological processes are altered by disease

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Forensic (Medico legal) Pathology

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relating to criminal investigations

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The autopsy serves three functions:

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A)To confirm or alter the clinical diagnosis for medical records and the death certificate B) Advance medical knowledge and research (ex. Alzheimer's disease) C) Assist in medico legal/forensic cases to determine things like identification of the remains, cause of death and manner of death

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Lesion

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is and injury or wound...any abnormal localized structure change that occurs in the body

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Diagnosis

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the subjective determination of the cause of ailment or disease by the physician

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Prognosis

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the prediction of the progression and outcome of the disease

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Symptom

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any perceptible change that indicates disease or the kind of phases of the disease

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Signs

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any observable abnormality or observable symptom (ex. a fever, sore throat, etc) / indication of a disease

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Exacerbation

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to intensify or worsen

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Remission

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the period in which the symptoms of a disease abate (reduces or end)

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Congenital

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present at birth

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Acquired

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not present at birth (hereditary) but acquired after birth

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Recurrent

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relapse or to appear again

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Idiopathic

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a disease without any recognizable cause...don't know what caused the disease or condition

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Acute

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rapid onset of severe symptoms with a short duration

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Chronic

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slow onset with a long duration

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Deficiency

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lack of something or less than a normal amount

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Hereditary

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transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring

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Endemic

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disease that occurs continuously or in expected cycles in a population, with a certain number of cases expected in that period

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Epidemic

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infectious disease that affects many people in the same area at the same time

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Pandemic

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disease affecting the majority of the population or of a large region

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Sporadic

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occurs occasionally or in scattered instances

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Infectious

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disease that is capable of being transmitted with or without direct contact

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Allergies

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an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction

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Febrile

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fever

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Occupational

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disease or disorder relating to one's job

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Intoxication's

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being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance

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Functional

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various disturbances of a function

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Organic

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denoting chemical substances containing carbon or derived from animal/vegetable forms of life

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Infestation

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harboring of animal parasites

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Communicable (Contagious)

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able to be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

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Syndrome

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a group of symptoms, that when observed together, are indication of a disease or condition

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Abatement

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decrease in severity

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Complications

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an added difficulty

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Iatrogenic

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any adverse mental or physical condition inducted in a patient through the effects of treatment by a physician (complication of treatment caused by the treatment itself or by something done by medical professionals)

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Fulminant

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having rapid and sever onset with great severity or intensity (ex. staff infection)

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Pathogenesis

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the development of a lesion

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Nosocomial

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unrelated to the primary condition

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Prevalence

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the number of cases of a disease present in a specified population at a given time

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Mortality rate

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death rate for a given population per year expressed per 1,000 persons

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Morbidity rate

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umber of cases per year of a certain disease expressed per 1,000 persons

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Physiological

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relating to or a result of the normal functioning of a cell, tissue, etc.

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Pathological

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caused by or relating to disease

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Etiology

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is the study of the causes of diseases. It has nine pre -disposing conditions or tendencies for disease to happen in certain groups

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Etiology: Predisposing factors

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1. Age 2. Race (ex. Sickle cell anemia) 3. Nutritional status 4. Sex 5. Occupation 6. Environment (ex. in shadows of urban pollution) 7. Emotional 8. Economic status ( poor have less ability for healthcare and treatment) 9. Genetics (Heredity)

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Etiology also has seven excitatory or immediate causes

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1. Trauma 2. Physical Agents 3. Chemical Agents 4. Infectious Agents 5. Deficiency of essential substances (ex. malnutrition) 6. Allergens 7. Hereditary

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The most common reaction by cells to injury is

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inflammation

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Some of the other reactions by cells to injury are the following

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1. Degeneration 2. Infiltration 3. Necrosis 4. Atrophy 5. Hypertrophy 6. Regeneration

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Degeneration

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the tissue/cell deteriorates. This is an intracellular process because it occurs within the cell itself.

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Three mechanisms of degeneration:

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1. Cellular swelling 2. Fatty degeneration 3. Amyloid disease

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fatty degeneration

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"deterioration of the cells o f the body, accompanied by the formation of fat globules within the diseased cells"

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Amyloid disease

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"A hard waxy deposit consisting of protein and polysaccharides that result from the degeneration of tissue" (Starch-like)"

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Infiltration

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penetration of the cell by outside sources...usually by intercellular means.

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Three mechanisms of Infiltration

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1. Pigmentation 2. Calcification 3. Gout

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Exogenous

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pigmentation caused from the outside of the organism or cell itself.

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Endogenous

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pigmentation cause from within the organism or cell

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Calcification

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hardening

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Gout

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inflammation caused by an increase in uric acid

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Necrosis

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Premature death of a cell or tissue

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Caseation

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"transformation of tissue into a soft cheese-like mass, as in tuberculosis

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Gangrene

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"necrosis or death of soft tissue due to obstructed circulation, usually followed by decomposition and putrefaction

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Moist Gangrene

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"gangrene that develops in the presence of combined arterial and venous obstruction, and is usually accompanied by an infection, and is characterized by a watery discharge usually of foul odor"

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Gas Gangrene

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"a gangrenous infection developing in wounds, esp. deep wounds with closed spaces, caused by bacteria that form gases in the subcutaneous tissue

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Dry Gangrene

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"death of tissue owing to arterial obstruction without subsequent bacterial decomposition and putrefaction"

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