Mass Communications – Flashcards

Ability to intellectually process information communicated by the media.

Understanding the feelings created by media messages.

Interpreting media content from an artistic or critical point of view.

Understanding the values of the medium or the message.

Truth One: The media are essential components of our lives. Truth Two: There are no mainstream media (MSM). Truth Three: Everything from the margin moves to the center. Truth Four: Nothing's new: Everything that happened in the past will happen again. Truth Five: New media are always scary. Truth Six: Activism and analysis are not the same thing. Truth Seven: There is no "they."

Companies combine to handle new technology

Media produce similar types of content

People use many types of media Media repurpose

Attractive Investments Maintaining family ownership is hard Public ownership of leads to concentration Convergence Deregulation Economic troubles

Limits diversity of opinion Limits local control Authoritarian corporate culture Emphasis on profits over quality

Increases diversity of opinion Higher wages Better working conditions Higher quality product

Celebrities * Owners Advertisers Government Special Interest Groups News Sources Audiences *Not on textbook list

Consumers have more media choices than ever before although the number of companies providing those choices has declined.

Short HeadPortion of a distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products. Where big media companies like to stay. Long Tail Portion of a distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products.

High number of goods; more niche goods than hits Low cost of reaching markets Ease of finding niche products

The media inject or shoot you full of information

Belief that the mass media influence the other guy but not you

The media teaches violence

Television cultivates a world view

Unpopular views are gradually silenced

The media tell you what to think about but can't tell you what to think

Media effects (especially concerning violence) are hard to study and prove. There is some link to aggressive behavior and watching violent TV, but no way to predict who will be affected and why. The media affect some people in some ways at some times.

The media consumer is powerful, too Choice Skepticism Can unite in virtual communities

Ethnocentrism Altruistic Democracy Responsible Capitalism Small-Town Pastoralism Individualism Moderatism Order Leadership

Military-press relations up and down Civil War reporters often criticize generals World War II reporters support war effort Vietnam War heightens tension

Compromise developed after first Iraq War

War coverage contributes to public dissatisfaction with press

Spread ideas -Helped establish United States Richard Hakluyt Thomas Paine -Helped end slavery Harriett Beecher Stowe Preserve knowledge -Reference works -History -Memoir Improve individual lives -Self-help books Entertain -A unique, absorbing experience Help define culture -Cowboy up Encourage individual thinking -A solitary activity

1) Cover letter Grab attention 2) Platform Show you can write the book 3) Chapter Outline Show you have planned the whole book 4) Sample Chapters Show how the book will read 5) Marketing plan Show how you will sell the book 6) Analysis of Competition How is your book different from others in the genre 7) Resume Emphasize your skills for the book

American Magazine and General Magazine 1741 First American magazines Godey's Lady's Book, 1830 First women's magazine Southern Literary Messenger, 1834 Literature Harper's, 1850 Photojournalism (drawings from photos) The Nation, 1865 Political commentary

Scribner's, 1889 Jacob Riis Photographs poverty lost his job and was homeless McClure's, 1904 Ida Tarbell takes on Standard Oil, 1904 Rolling Stone, 1972 Hunter S. Thompson Gonzo Journalism Attacked Nixon, Vietnam War Tradition Continues American Spectator Mother Jones

-Spirituality Guideposts -Cars Mustang Monthly -Civil War North &South -General? Newsweek, Time

Also targeted audiences and distinct personas Journalism Quill Editor & Publisher American Journalism Review Columbia Journalism Review

Magazines are print media leaders Revolutionize design and writing styles Magazines are a catalyst "shaping the very social reality of the times" They cover trends, popular culture

Theory developed by Northwestern University Prof. David Abrahamson Magazines have an editorial "persona"

1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper. 1622: Newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses. Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers.

1690: Publick Occurrences: First paper published in American colonies. Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship. 1721: New England Courant Published by James Franklin, Ben's older brother. First paper published without "By Authority" Criticized smallpox inoculation Criticized government management of defense Established new libel defense New York Weekly Journal, 1733 Founded by John Peter Zenger Promoted Revolution Pennsylvania Journal, 1765 Sam Adams is more than a beer

1783 -- End of Revolutionary War. Period of civil unrest Political parties support newspapers Not a lot of money from advertising/subscriptions Led to Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798-1802 First great test of free press

Were for elites Published by political parties Focused on opinion, not news Expensive, had small circulation

Benjamin Day's idea: The New York Sun - "It shines for all." Sold on the street for one or two cents. Supported primarily by advertising. First papers to focus on "news." Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences. Start of newspapers in 1830s that got news industry starte

Civil War, 1861-1865 Expanded readership Expanded use of technology Newspapers become big business Professional reporting class develops Newspapers are the dominant national news medium until radio in 1920s

Joseph Pulitzer's St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World Creation of the front page Created headlines with news Targeting immigrants and women Nellie Bly and stunt journalism Popularized comics Yellow Kid William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and San Francisco Examiner Extended Pulitzer's innovations Competition spurred rise of yellow journalism

Sensationalism Promoted war Ethics Limits of power

Smaller format newspapers written in a lively, often sensationalistic, style. Tabloid jazz journalism era. New York Daily News & New York Post

controlling all aspects of the media project, including production, delivery to consumers in multiple formats, and the promotion of the product through other media.

Bertelsmann

the process by which media coverage makes an individual gain prominence in the eyes of the public

process of selecting, evaluating, and interpreting events to give structure to news. the media assists the process of correlation by persuasive communication through editorials, commentary, advertising, and propaganda and by providing cues that indicate the importance of each news item.

Approach to studying mass communication that looks at the reasons why audience members choose to spend time with the media in terms of the wants and needs of the audience members that are being fulfilled.

process by which individuals produce meaning through interaction based on socially agreed-upon symbols

theory that suggests that people want to see themselves as holding a majority opinion and will remain silent if they perceive that they hold a minority opinion. this makes minority opinion appear less prevalent.

approach to studying the mass media that says the forms the media use to present the world become the forms we use to perceive the world and to create media messages

approach to analyzing effects of television viewing that argues that watching significant amounts of television alters the way an individual views the nature of the surrounding world

perception of many heavy television watchers of violent programs that the world is more dangerous and a violent place than facts and statistics bear out

model of political campaign effects that attribute to a candidate's success to how well his or her basic message resonates with and reinforces voters preexisting political feelings

model of the effects of a political campaign that looks at the campaign as a competition for the hearts and minds of voters

prehistoric form of writing made of paintings on rock or cave walls

abstract symbol that stands for a word or phrase. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese languages use ideograph

writing where symbols stand for spoken sounds rather than objects or ideas.

letters represent individual sounds

novels written in the nineteenth century by and for women that told the story of women who overcame tremendous problems to end up in prosperous middle-class homes

allowed magazines to be mailed nationally at a low cost, key growth of magazines and their circulation in late 19th century

consumer magazine- made for consumers of target audience trade magazines- published for people who work in a particular industry or business literary magazines- publications that focus on serious essays and short fiction

progressive investigative journalists typically publishing in magazines in the early years of the twentieth century

term referring to a prominent story

style of sensationalistic journalism that grew out of the newspaper circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolf Hearst

burglary of Democratic National Comittee headquarters in the Watergate office and apartment building that was authorized by rogue White House staffers. Cover-up lead to resignation of Nixon in 1974.

weekly and daily newspapers serving individual communities or suburbs instead of an entire metropolitan area

weekly newspapers that serve specialized audiences such as racial minorities, gays and lesbians and young people

Mass communication is an example of which type of one-on-many communication? Question 2 2 out of 2 points Correct When reporters focus on the return to normal in a story about a natural disaster, they are talking about the journalistic value of _______. Question 3 2 out of 2 points Correct Which of the following is the medium that emphasizes the interchangeability of the sender and receiver? Question 4 2 out of 2 points Correct The critical/cultural model assumes which of the following? Question 5 2 out of 2 points Correct Correlation is accomplished by persuasive communication through which of the following? Question 6 2 out of 2 points Correct _________ is where a media company uses its combined properties to promote each other and add value to the company. Question 7 2 out of 2 points Correct The late co-founder and CEO of Apple was the largest single stockholder in which major media company? Question 8 2 out of 2 points Correct ________ owns media properties on every continent except Antarctica. Question 9 2 out of 2 points Correct Long-tail media are characterized by which of the following? Question 10 2 out of 2 points Correct Viacom and CBS split into two separate companies for which of the following reasons?

Question 1 2 out of 2 points Correct Papyrus is which of the following? Selected Answer: Correctd. an early writing surface made of reeds by the Egyptians Answers: a. an ancient form of writing using symbols to stand for ideas b. an ancient form of writing of using symbols for sound. c. an early writing surface made from animal skin Correctd. an early writing surface made of reeds by the Egyptians Question 2 2 out of 2 points Correct The first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary took approximately _____ years to produce. Selected Answer: Correctc. 70 Answers: a. 10 b. 30 Correctc. 70 d. 90 Question 3 2 out of 2 points Correct _____ was an important newspaper, magazine and book publisher in colonial and revolutionary America. Selected Answer: Correctb. Benjamin Franklin Answers: a. Ida M. Tarwell Correctb. Benjamin Franklin c. Laurence A. Tisch d. John Rawls Question 4 2 out of 2 points Correct What invention directly led to the production of inexpensive dime novels? Selected Answer: Correctb. the steam-powered rotary press Answers: a. Guttenberg's typemold and printing press Correctb. the steam-powered rotary press c. desktop publishing programs on the Macintosh computer d. the Internet Question 5 2 out of 2 points Correct A writing system where abstract symbols stand for an object or idea is which of the following? Selected Answer: Correcta. ideographs Answers: Correcta. ideographs b. pictographs c. phonography d. alphabets Question 6 2 out of 2 points Correct Which of the following was the most important effect of the printing press and movable type? Selected Answer: Correcta. Ideas could spread rapidly beyond the communities where they originated. Answers: Correcta. Ideas could spread rapidly beyond the communities where they originated. b. Book publishing became profitable. c. Spelling became standardized. d. Books could be printed in German instead of Latin. Question 7 2 out of 2 points Correct J.R.R. Tolkien's novel The Hobbit was first published after which of the following occurred? Selected Answer: Correcta. His publisher's ten-year-old son said he liked it. Answers: Correcta. His publisher's ten-year-old son said he liked it. b. The first three chapters were distributed over the Internet. c. Fifty-five publishers rejected it. d. He cut it in length by 75,000 words. Question 8 2 out of 2 points Correct Which of the following is true about the majority of book authors? Selected Answer: Correctd. They make a modest income from their books. Answers: a. They become wealthy. b. They self-publish their books. c. They fabricate major details about their lives. Correctd. They make a modest income from their books. Question 9 2 out of 2 points Correct In order for books to become popular, which of the following needed to occur? Selected Answer: Correctd. all of the above. Answers: a. a rapid form of printing. b. a literate public c. an inexpensive source of paper Correctd. all of the above. Question 10 2 out of 2 points Correct What do Fahrenheit 451, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, The Scarlet Letter, and Slaughterhouse Five have in common? Selected Answer: Correctb. People have attempted to ban each of them. Answers: a. They all were written in the nineteenth century. Correctb. People have attempted to ban each of them. c. They were all written by Kurt Vonnegut. d. They each deal with the Holocaust.

Which of the following was the first truly national magazine with a large circulation published in the United States? Selected Answer: Correct The Saturday Evening Post Answers: Atlantic Monthly New Repub The New Yorker Correct The Saturday Evening Post Question 2 2 out of 2 points Correct The National Review is a magazine that is trying to appeal to which of the following audiences? Selected Answer: Correctc. intellectuals interested in conservative political ideas Answers: a. people interested in in-depth movie reviews b. the "inner guy" Correctc. intellectuals interested in conservative political ideas d. readers interested in contemporary short fiction Question 3 2 out of 2 points Correct Which of the following is not one of Dick Stolley's rules for magazine covers? Selected Answer: Correctd. New is better than well-known. Answers: a. Young is better than old. b. Pretty is better than ugly. c. Nothing is better than a dead celebrity. Correctd. New is better than well-known. Question 4 2 out of 2 points Correct Who or what were the Seven Sisters? Selected Answer: Correctb. seven women's service magazines Answers: a. a group of seven women journalists Correctb. seven women's service magazines c. seven women who appeared in Playboy's first issue d. seven suffragists who founded a magazine Question 5 2 out of 2 points Correct The Postal Act of 1879 did which of the following? Selected Answer: Correctc. It made it possible to inexpensively mail magazines across the country. Answers: a. It banned the mailing of pornographic images b. It substantially raised the cost of mailing magazines across the country. Correctc. It made it possible to inexpensively mail magazines across the country. d. You can't fool me; there was no Postal Act of 1879. Question 6 2 out of 2 points Correct Calvin Klein's ads featuring model Kate Moss have been controversial for which of the following reasons? Selected Answer: Correctb. She looked emaciated like a heroin addict might. Answers: a. She was nude in a clothing ad. Correctb. She looked emaciated like a heroin addict might. c. She has been an outspoken critic of the fashion industry. d. She is larger than the typical fashion model. Question 7 2 out of 2 points Correct Magazine circulation climbed from 1970 to 2005 in the United States for which of the following reasons? Selected Answer: Correcta. growing rates of literacy Answers: Correcta. growing rates of literacy b. increasing circulation of general interest magazines c. declining interest in television d. all of the above Question 8 2 out of 2 points Correct Maxim is a magazine that is trying to appeal to which of the following audiences? Selected Answer: Correctb. young men who have been ignored by magazines in the past Answers: a. both gay and heterosexual males Correctb. young men who have been ignored by magazines in the past c. intellectuals interested in conservative political ideas d. homeowners who want information about decorating and gardening Question 9 2 out of 2 points Correct _______ largely created the idea of the modern woman's magazine as editor of Godey's Lady's Book. Selected Answer: Correcta. Sarah Josepha Hale Answers: Correcta. Sarah Josepha Hale b. Bonnie Fuller c. Rosie O'Donnell d. Helen Gurley Brown Question 10 2 out of 2 points Correct Magazines that are targeted at specific industries and carry ads for people who are in that business are known as which of the following? Selected Answer: Correcta. trade magazines Answers: Correcta. trade magazines b. muckraking magazines c. literary and commentary magazines d. FBL magazines