Chapter 21 – Population Ecology – Flashcards
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Track wolves and moose for many years to understand dynamic fluctuations between these populations.
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Isle Royale, Canada
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Study of the interactions among organisms and between organism and their nonliving environment. (Individual, population, community, and the ecosystem).
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Ecology
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at this level, ecologist can study how an individual organisms fares in its surroundings.
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Ecology - Individual
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at this level, ecologist study a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in the same region.
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Ecology - Population
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at this level, ecologist study interacting populations of different species.
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Ecology - Community
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at this level, ecologist study all the living organism in an area and the nonliving components of the environment with which they interact.
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Ecology - Ecosystem
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Many areas of biology, geography, meteorology, mathematics.
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Ecology - Multidisciplinary science
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Organisms distributed in geographic space. Depends on recourse and interaction with other members of population. Reflect behavioral or ecological adaption.
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Distribution pattern
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May allow individual to maximize their access to recourses. Individuals are equally likely to be anywhere within the area.
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Random distribution
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When recourses are unevenly distributed across the landscape. Or when social behavior dictates grouping. High-density clumps are separated by areas of ow abundance.
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Clumped distribution
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Results from territorial behavior. Individuals maximize space between hem being uniformly spaced.
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Uniform distribution
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difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
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Growth rate
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movement of individuals into a population.
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Immigration
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movement of individuals out of a population.
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Emigration
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unrestricted growth of a population increasing at a constant growth rate.
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Exponential growth
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starts off fast and then levels off, environmental factors will limit and organisms ability to reproduce, for example, access to habitat.
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Logistic growth
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the psychical environment where an organism lives and to which it is adapted.
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Habitat
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the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support given its space and resources. Upper limit on the size of any population
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Carrying capacity
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A population growing at a constant rate without checks will increase exponentially. However, for most populations found in nature, as the populations reaches its carrying capacity, the growth rate slows and eventually remains at or near zero.
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Graphic 21.4 Population Growth
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carrying capacity.
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Size of population may fluctuate around the environments...
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Boom and Bust.
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Population may begin to grow again...
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a pattern of growth that starts rapidly and then slows.
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Logistic growth
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studies on non-humans species show that no population can grow to unlimited numbers
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Limits to Population Growth -
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food, water, shelter, and space.
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Populations have the potential to grow exponentially, but they are limited by environment resources..
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Predator and prey populations are intimately linked because predators pay a price for predation in the form of dealing food supply. The results is a repeating cycle in the # of predate and prey. The population cycle though related rounds of boom and bust.
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Predator and Prey
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number of organism per given area.
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Population density
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a factors whose influence on population size and growth depends on the number and crowding of individuals in the population. (Predation)
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Density-dependent factors
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a factor that influence population size and growth regardless of the number and crowding within a population. (Weather, abiotic factors)
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Density-independt factors
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living components of an environment.
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Biotic factors
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nonliving components of environment.
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Abiotic factors
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droughts, temperature extremes, natural disasters.
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Factors not influenced by pop numbers:
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Disease- canine parvovirus Climate change- less eating in warm weather, warm weather favor ticks.
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Effects of Population Size: disease, climate change
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Animals frequently migrate on and off the island.
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All of the following are reasons why the Isle Royale is a good ecological study site except:
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Uniform; Clumped.
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Large predatory cats tend to be solitary and territorial. The cats likely have a _______ distribution pattern while their prey might make us of a ________ pattern for defense against predation.
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Birth rate minus death rate.
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Which describe the change in a population over time?
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Moose populations decrease; wolf populations decrease.
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Ecologist have found that wolf and moose populations are intimately rated on Isle Royale. If wolf populations increase, what happens to moose populations? What is the likely reaction to this change in moose populations?
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Both wolves and moose populations.
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Moose eat trees. Changes in the rate of tree growth on Isle Royale can be correlated to changes in:
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Changes in climate.
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Which of the following factors are independent of population density?
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Ecosystem.
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Non-living factors are included in which level or levels of ecological organization?
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Ecosystem, community, population, individual
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Most inclusive to least inclusive
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Moose tend to be solitary creatures and thus don't travel in large groups. They are hard to spot through thick trees, there large numbers are a problem b/c it is not feasible for researchers to count every individual in population.
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Why is it more difficult to spot a moose than a wolf on Isle Royale?
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Individuals are equally likely to be anywhere within area.
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Distribution Pattern : random
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Hi-desntiy clumps are separated by areas of low abundance.
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Distribution Pattern : clumped
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Individuals maximize space between them by being uniformly spaced.
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Distribution Pattern : uniform
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The burrs stuck to an animals fur fall off randomly in the animals wandering and germinate.
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Random ex:
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The ground may be moist enough to support plant growth only in certain parts of a field.
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Clumped ex:
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The food supply for a particular kind of fish is ubiquitous in a lake.
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Uniform ex:
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True
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T or F: Ecologist may study the effect of environment on a single organisms as well as an entire community of species .
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Clumped.
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An underwater animal population that relies on touch to exchange chemical signals among individuals in the population would likely be distributed in this pattern:
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False
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T or F: Changes (genetic, environmental) at the individual level do not affect the ecosystem.
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False
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T or F: Changes (genetic, environmental) at the population level do not affect the ecosystem.
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False
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T or F: Changes (genetic, environmental) at the community level do not affect the ecosystem.
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Exp. growth would happen in a population that does not have limits of foo supply or habitat space. Logistic growth occurs when there are restrictions of food supply and physical space on a population.
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In what conditions would you expect to find exponential growth occurring and logistic growth?
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The growth rate of a population depends on its birth rate and death rate. If there are more birth then deaths, the population will have a positive growth rate and expand. If the birth rate is lower than death rate, the population will have a negative growth rate and shrink.
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Birth rate - Death rate = Growth rate (Explain)
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It defines how large a population can grow based on the number of individuals a particular habitat can support.
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What is carrying capacity in term of population growth?
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The # of moses available for food, the environment (particularly harsh winter or hot summer), the availability of water, disease etc. can all impact the # of wolves on Isle Royale.
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What factors do you think can influence the total number of wolves on Isle Royale?
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That the birth rate and death rate are equal.
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In the absence of immigration and emigration, a growth rate of zero means:
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False
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T or F: A population with a logistic growth rate will grow indefinitely.
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They act as a food course for the wolves prey; moose. Wolves affect tree populations by reducing the # of moose that eat the trees. Then the tree population can grow.
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How do trees affect the wolves and moose population?
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Moose affect the wolf population by acting as their food course, if there are not a lot of moose to eat, the wolf population declines.
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How do moose effect the wolf population?
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By moose eating the tree, the more moose there are, the more trees they eat, the fewer tress that are in the population.
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How do moose affect the tree population?
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Through predation, population of moose decline when they are a lot of wolves feeding on them.
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How do wolves affect the moose population?
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Very cold winters decrease the moose population through starvation and making them more susceptible to successful wolf attack.
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Temperature - Abiotic
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A brush fire could wipe out shrubs and other low plants that would have normally shaded out and killed sapling of trees. Without the shrubs, trees are able to grow and thrive resulting in a larger food supply for the moose. Thus, moose population will increases.
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Fire - Abiotic
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If the wolf population is high, the moose population will decline because more of them are being eaten before they can reproduce.
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Predators - Biotic
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If the moose population is very low, the wolf population declines because there is not enough food to sustain their numbers.
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Food - Biotic
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A disease that affects wolves will diminish their numbers.
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Disease - Biotic
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If there is not enough rainfall in the spring, the tree population will not be as large and nourishing. Thus, the moose pop will decline due to not enough food.
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Precipitation - Abiotic
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A density-indep contol can affect a population regardless of the size of the population, like cold weather. A density-depen control lonely affects a population when that population reaches a high enough density and crowding.
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Describe the difference between a density-dependent and a density-independent control on population.
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False
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T or F: In the long-term, it is better for the moose population to exist in high-density number so they may protect themselves from wolf attacks.
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availability of fresh leaves
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Which of these is not an abiotic factor that influences moose populations?
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True
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T or F: Trees on Isle Royale do not typically grow as much in years that the wolf population is down.
