question

Soul, spirit, or mind

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Psyche

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Study of a subject matter

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Logos

question

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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Psychology

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List the 3 key components to the psychology definition.

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1) Science 2) Behavior 3) Mental Processes

question

Who introduced the first psychology lab, studied basic psychological responses, used careful observation called introspection, and founded the idea of structuralism?

answer

Wilhem Wundt

question

When and where was the first psychology lab founded?

answer

1876. Germany

question

Look at thoughts and sensations and try to break them up into their constituent elements, in much the same way as chemist analyze chemical compounds, in order to get at the underlying structure.

answer

Structuralism

question

Who believed that the key question in Psychology is "not what the mind is but what it does" and came up with the idea of functionalism?

answer

William James

question

In the quote "Not what the mind is, but what it does", is=___ and does=____

answer

structure; function

question

No rigid structures of the mind. The mind is flexible and fluid, constantly changing in response to the continuous flow of information from the world. Processes in the mind can use this world to describe terms of interactions

answer

Functionalism

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Who believed that psychology should focus on the unconscious and got this idea from early childhood experiences? Responsible for psychoanalytic theory.

answer

Sigmund Freud

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Who gave us the typical view of psychiatrist? (Couch with person on chair taking notes) (You can read my mind)

answer

Sigmund Freud

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Who believed that psychology should study only observable behavior (behaviorism), creatures tend to repeat behavior that is reinforced, and all behavior is governed by external stimuli?

answer

B.F. Skinner

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Who believed that the previous theories were dehumanizing and came up with a theory based on optimism and potential for growth that was influenced by self-concept? Developed the idea of humanism

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Carl Rodgers

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To which sciences are the Wundt, Freud, Skinner, Rodgers, and James closer too?

answer

Natural: Wundt, Skinner Social: Freud, Rodgers Middle: James

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Psychology is the broken bridge between ____ and ____

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natural science; social sciences

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What must psychology study to fully understand human behavior? This led to a renewed interest in ___ and ____

answer

Internal events; cognition; physiology

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Behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical process

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Biological perspective

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Believed mental processes involved in knowing. Thoughts influence feelings and behavior.

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Cognitive

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List 2 things that cognitive contrasts with.

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1) Behaviorism 2) Psychodynamic

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Believed the brain and nervous system are essential for understanding thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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Neuroscience

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List the 2 mind-body connections of neuroscience

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1) All things psychological are also biological 2) All things biological are also psychological

question

What sparked the need for application?

answer

World War I and II

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What caused the development of the scientist-practitioner model?

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Applied Psychology

question

Who is the preponderance in psychology? In what aspects?

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white, male, and middle and upper classes Practicing psychologists, researchers, subjects

question

Why do the psychologists have in interest in culture?

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The ethnic makeup of the Western world has become more diverse. Culture influences all aspects of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior

question

List 4 women and people of color who were in the history of psychology.

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1) Francis Cecil Sumner 2) Kenneth Clark 3) Mamie Phipps Clark 4) Leta Hollingworth

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The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior and it is the profession that applies that accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

answer

Psychology

question

List 6 major research areas in psychology

answer

1) Developmental 2) Social 3) Experimental 4) Neuroscience 5) Cognitive 6) Personality

question

List 4 professional specialists

answer

1) Clinical 2) Counseling 3) Educational and School 4) Industrial and Organizational

question

List the 6 steps in scientific investigation

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1) Formulate a testable hypothesis 2) Select the research method 3) Design the study 4) Collect the data 5) Analyze the data and draw conclusions 6) Report the findings

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Tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables. Prediction

answer

Hypothesis

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List 4 ways for the research method

answer

1) Direct Observation 2) Questionnaire/Survey 3) Case Study 4) Experiment

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Variable being manipulated by the researcher

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Independent variable

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Variable being measured

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Dependent variable

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Variables that confound or confuse the experiment

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Extraneous Variables

question

This type of research investigates the links between variables, no manipulation, and the correlations

answer

Descriptive/correlational research

question

List and describe the two types of correlation

answer

1) Positive (One goes up and the other goes down) 2) Negative (Both go down)

question

Correlation is not ___

answer

causation

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Correlation does not tell you the _____. Can tell you what though?

answer

direction. What variables cause what

question

How do you interpret a correlation coefficient?

answer

The coefficient goes from positive one to negative one. If zero, there is no correlation

question

List two advantages of the experimental research method

answer

1) Cause & effect 2) Control extraneous variables

question

List two disadvantages of the experimental research method

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1) Artificial setting 2) Limits types of questions asked

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List two advantages of the descriptive/correlational research method

answer

1) Allows research on broad variety of variables 2) Limits types of questions asked

question

List two disadvantages of the descriptive/correlational research method

answer

1) Cannot determine cause & effect 2) Difficult to reach conclusions

question

List 4 flaws that are found in research

answer

1) Sampling Bias 2) Placebo Effects 3) Social Desirability 4) Experimenter Bias

question

List two places to find psychological research

answer

1) Articles published in JOURNALS (Periodical publishes scholarly material) (Written for professionals) 2) PsycINFO (Search engine for psychological research) (Abstract) (MUST find article in library or Full-Text)

question

List the 7 rules for doing research on human subjects

answer

1) Subjects must be judged to be "at no risk" or "at minimal risk" 2) Informed consent is needed at the beginning of any research project 3) If description is necessary, the researcher must be sure that it is justified and a mechanism must be debriefed when the research is concluded 4) You are allowed to withdraw from participation at any time 5) Every effort should be made to protect the subject from physical and psychological harm 6) Results of the research should be made available to participants once the research is complete 7) All information in a research study is confidential

question

List 9 rules for doing research on animals

answer

1) Psychologists are responsible to follow all federal, state, and local guidelines 2) A vet conducts twice-yearly inspections of the facility 3) An animal care use committee should review all procedures carried out on animals 4) Animals bred for lab use should be purchased from a legal supplier 5) Animals should be provided with humane housing and care in the facility 6) Research with animals should have a clear scientific purpose, which should outweigh any stress or harm to the animals. Alternatives should always be considered 7) The minimum level of distress necessary to the research should be used 8) Field research should work to disrupt the population as little as possible 9) Alternatives to euthanasia should be considered when animals are no longer required for research

question

List 12 benefits of animal research

answer

1) Researching benefiting animals 2) Research protecting people and crops 3) Principles of learning & behavior 4) Treatment for enuresis/incontinence 5) Behavior therapy 6) Prevention of illness 7) Effects of stress 8) Pain 9) Drug Therapies 10) Animal companions to the handicapped 11) Effects of early experience 12) Aging declines in learning and memory

question

What are four guidelines for psychology?

answer

1) Avoid overgeneralizing (what was the sample being used?) 2) Group results may or may not apply to the individual. And even when it doesn't, the individual may be still normal 3) Look for answers beyond a single study 4) Avoid attributing causes where none have been found

question

Strict behaviorists would be most sympathetic to which one of the following statements?

answer

Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors

question

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to ask?

answer

Why do we like some people and not others?

question

Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number issues. The method of data collection that was being used in this case was

answer

Survey Method

question

You are sitting on a park bench in a major metropolitan area from 7 am to 7 pm and you note the number of people who walk by, whether or not they litter, and their gender. You are engaging in

answer

Naturalistic Observation

question

A group of researchers is investigating the effects of gingko biloba on memory. During the first part of the study the animals learn to run a maze while they are not receiving the supplement; in the second part of the study the animals learn to run a different maze while they are receiving the supplement. In each case the researchers count how many trials it takes before the animals can run the maze pattern without making any errors. In this study the independent variable is...

answer

The presence or absence of the food supplement in the animal's diet

question

A group of researchers conducts a study to determine if children's performance is affected by the presence of other children. First the children are taken to a room with no other children and timed while they complete a puzzle. Later the same children are taken to a room with four other children and timed while they complete a similar puzzle. In this study, the length of time it takes to complete the puzzle would be

answer

The dependent variable

question

In the context of areas of specialization in psychology, _____ are interested in psychopathology

answer

Clinical Psychologists

question

Psychologists rely on _____, which is the process of thinking reflectively and actively and evaluating evidence.

answer

Critical Thinking

question

Which of the following is true about the nature-nurture controversy in psychology?

answer

Both nature and nurture play significant roles in the psychology of a person

question

A psychologist who is more interested in what a person does than how a person feels, has most likely adopted the _____ approach to psychology.

answer

Behavioral

question

Professor McDonald believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference has been known to enhance the survival of their species. This opinion best illustrates the _____ approach to psychology

answer

Evolutionary

question

_____ is a multidimensional approach to human well-being that emphasizes psychological factors and lifestyle

answer

Health psychology

question

Which of the following psychologists was a leading proponent of behaviorism?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

The historical perspective known as _____ concentrates on discovering the basic elements of mental processes in psychology

answer

Structuralism

question

The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences

answer

Psychodynamic

question

Richard, a psychologist, is specifically interested in the brain's role in behavior. Which of the following is most likely his area of specialization in psychology?

answer

Behavioral neuroscience

question

The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants

answer

Behavioral

question

Which of the following psychologists is most often known as the founding father of modern psychology?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Dr. Ames is a scientist whose focus of research is on the way groups influence the decisions that individuals make. In the context of areas of specialization in psychology, Dr. Ames is most likely a _____ psychologist

answer

Social

question

Which of the following approaches to psychology best explains adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for specific human behaviors?

answer

The evolutionary approach

question

Which of the following best describes B. F. Skinner's beliefs about studying human behavior?

answer

What people do is most important

question

The scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders is known as:

answer

Psychopathology

question

Dr. Lane is monitoring the levels of specific chemicals in the human brain to see their effect on the development of psychosis in individuals. Dr. Lane's study fits best into the area of:

answer

Behavioral neuroscience

question

In the context of structuralism as a perspective of psychology, the primary research method used was _____

answer

Introspection

question

Dr. Vance, a scientist in the field of psychology, tests individuals' intellectual abilities. Dr. Vance is most likely a:

answer

Cognitive psychologist

question

Psychologists use the perspective of _____ to study the role of the brain in psychological processes

answer

Neuroscience

question

Which of the following psychologists is an athlete most likely to consult if he or she was suddenly unable to perform in a game and wanted to understand why?

answer

Sport psychologist

question

_____ psychologists believe that their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology

answer

Evolutionary

question

In psychology, being skeptical means:

answer

Questioning what everybody knows

question

According to the _____ approach to psychology, a person is in control of his or her life and has the capacity for positive growth

answer

Humanistic

question

Which of the following statements is true of school and educational psychologists?

answer

Educational psychologists work at colleges and universities

question

In the context of research settings, researchers who use _____ attempt to view behavior without disturbing the environment

answer

Naturalistic observation

question

T or F: In the context of the scientific method of psychology, data refers to all the information a researcher collects when carrying out a study.

answer

True

question

As a part of a medical research study, a researcher exposes two groups of participants either to an actual painkiller or a sugar pill. The participants feel their pain being eliminated even with the sugar pill. In this case, the sugar pill is known as the:

answer

Placebo

question

In inferential statistics, _____ means that the differences observed between two groups are large enough that it is highly unlikely that those differences are merely due to chance

answer

Statistical significance

question

T or F: Standard deviation is an inferential statistic

answer

False

question

Discuss two limitations of using surveys in research

answer

Surveys can be a straightforward way to measure psychological variables, constructing them requires care. For example, surveys can measure only what people think about themselves. Furthermore, people do not always know the truth about themselves. One particular problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer questions in a way that will make them look good rather than in a way that communicates what they truly think or feel.

question

T or F: In psychology, a correlational research study tells the researcher which variable is the cause and which is the effect

answer

False

question

Dr. Klaus conducted research in psychology, which established that the number of hours of study before a test is directly proportional to performance in the test. In the context of correlational research, it can be said that _____ exists between the two variables

answer

Positive correlation

question

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, _____ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals

answer

Case studies

question

In the context of inferential statistics, a confidence level of .05 means that:

answer

If the odds are .05 or less that the differences are due to chance, the results are considered statistically significant

question

Which of the following features of an experiment does not typically lead to biased results?

answer

Random assignment

question

A _____ design is a type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time and then observations from this single measurement are compared

answer

Cross-sectional

question

T or F: In a psychological experiment, the dependent variable is the cause and the independent variable is the effect

answer

False

question

Briefly describe the research of James Pennebaker with regard to expressive writing and health, and present the guidelines an individual should follow in order to benefit from the healing power of writing

answer

Pennebaker's research explored the connections between traumatic life events, expressive writing, health, and work performance. He found that writing about traumatic life events had healing effects in that the individuals had improved psychological well-being in comparison to those who experienced similar events but did not write about them. The following guidelines are suggested for those who wish to benefit from the healing power of writing: find a quiet place to write; limit writing to one topic; write for a few minutes each day; do not worry about the conventions of writing; and write about the positives in life.

question

Ryan wants to study the behavior of employees in the call center industry in the country of Utopia. For his study, he designs a questionnaire and distributes it among 500 call center employees across the country. These 500 employees are the:

answer

Sample

question

In psychological research, a correlational study is used to determine:

answer

The link between variables

question

In the context of psychological research methods, a(n) _____ presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

answer

Survey

question

If a person wants to explore the benefits of writing in his or her own life, he or she should:

answer

Find a quiet place to write

question

When psychological researchers use the correlational method to study variables, the degree of relation between two variables is expressed as a numerical value known as _____.

answer

Correlational coefficient

question

A team of psychology students would like to expose their classmates to an embarrassing experience in order to gather data for their term project. Their instructor has asked them to read the ethical guidelines published by the American Psychological Association (APA). She wants them to understand that, as researchers:

answer

They must obtain the consent of the participants after informing them of the procedures

question

Participants in an experimental research study listen to a lecture either in a lecture hall filled with natural light or in a lecture hall with no windows and artificial light. Before leaving the lecture halls, the participants fill out a mood survey. What is the independent variable in this study?

answer

The type of light in the rooms

question

Explain the concepts of random assignment and random sample. State the difference between the two

answer

Random assignment refers to researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups. A random sample refers to a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. A random sample is not the same thing as random assignment. Random assignment is about making sure experimental and control groups are equivalent, and a random sample is about selecting participants from a population so that the sample is representative of that population.

Psychology 110 Test (Ch. 1 & 2) – Flashcards

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