Biology Genetics Study Guide – Flashcards
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one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
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incomplete dominance
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red x white = pink
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example of incomplete dominance
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genetic makeup TT, Tt, tt
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genotype
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both alleles are the same TT, tt
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homozygous
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the two alleles are different Tt
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heterozygous
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what it looks like round, green, tall, red
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phenotype
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the scientific study of heredity
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genetics
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2 sets of chromosomes 2N
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diploid
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1 set of chromosomes N
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haploid
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sex cells, produced from meiosis
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gametes
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4 daughter cells, haploid, genetically different
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meiosis
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2 daughter cells, diploid, genetically identical
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mitosis
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traits produced by several genes
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polygenic
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show relative locations of genes on a chromosome -based on crossing-over frequencies
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gene maps
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different forms of a gene
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alleles
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the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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probability
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genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation
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independent assortment
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corresponding sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent
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homologous chromosomes
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genes on the same chromosomes -the genes Mendel studied were on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome
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gene linkage
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apply to all organisms
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Mendel's principles of genetics
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diagram that shows possible genotypes of offspring
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Punnett square
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some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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principle of dominance
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what Mendel called factors
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genes
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studied the inheritance of traits
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Mendel
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occurs during prophase I
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crossing-over
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twice as many chromosomes as gametes
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body cells
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form during prophase I
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tetrads
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produces erminette color offspring
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co-dominance
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studied genetics using fruit flies because they produce large numbers of offspring
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
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do not show actual results
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Punnett Squares
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offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits
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hybrid
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the scientific study of heredity
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genetics
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Austrian monk, used math and science in his study of genetics using garden peas
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Gregor Mendel
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joining of male and female reproductive cells
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fertilization
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sperm cells in pollen fertilize egg cells in the same flower
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self-pollination
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when plants self-pollinate and the offspring are identical to the parent (purebred)
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true-breeding
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male and female cells are joined from different plants
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cross-pollination
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characteristic (color, shape, height)
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trait
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parental, original plants
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P
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first filial, offspring of P
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F
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offspring of crosses between parents of different traits
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hybrids
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all look like only one parent -yellow and green peas. . .all offspring yellow
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F1 hybrids
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'factors' passed from one generation to another that determines traits
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genes
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different forms of a gene -tall/short, yellow/green
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alleles
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1. biological inheritance is determined by factors (genes) 2. principle of dominance
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Mendel's 2 Conclusions
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states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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principle of dominance
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shows that trait when present -only one allele has to be dominant to show that trait
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dominant
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shows the trait only when the dominant allele is not present
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recessive
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second filial, offspring of F1 self-pollination -recessive trait reappeared
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F2
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separation, alleles separate during gamete formation
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segregation
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dominant trait
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capital letters
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recessive trait
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lowercase letters
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the likelihood that an event will occur
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probability
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both alleles for a trait are identical TT, tt
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homozygous
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the two alleles for a trait are different Tt
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heterozygous
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physical characteristics, what it looks like tall/short, green/yellow
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phenotype
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genetic makeup TT, Tt, tt
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genotype
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states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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independent assortment
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cross between plants that have two different characteristics
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two-factor cross
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determined by genes and passed from parents to offspring
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inheritance of traits
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neither allele is dominant
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incomplete dominance
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both alleles are expressed -black and white feathers on chickens: erminette
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co-dominance
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more than two alleles control a trait -each individual still has only two alleles for that trait
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multiple alleles
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traits controlled by two or more genes
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polygenic traits
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1. each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent 2. when an organism produces its own gametes, those two sets of genes must be separated so each gamete contains only one set of genes
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Mendel's genetic principles require that
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corresponding chromosomes, one from each parent -chromosomes that are the same
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homologous chromosomes
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cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes 2N
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diploid cell
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cell that contains only one set of chromosomes N
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haploid cell
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process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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meiosis
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reducing the number of chromosomes by dividing the cell, so the number of chromosomes is cut in half
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meiosis
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DNA is replicated forming duplicate chromosomes
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Interphase I
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structure formed when corresponding homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I -made of four chromatids
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tetrad
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one of 2 identical 'sister' parts of a duplicated chromosome -replicants from Interphase I
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chromatid
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crossed sections of chromatids are exchanged producing new combinations of alleles -occurs during Prophase I
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crossing-over
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forms two new cells -daughter cells are haploid -both are different from the parent and each other
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homologous chromosomes separate
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chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
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Metaphase II
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Paired chromatids separate
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Anaphase II
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four haploid daughter cells are produced
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Telephase II
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two genetically identical diploid cells -one parent; 2N
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Mitosis
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four genetically different haploid cells -two parents; N
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Meiosis
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six of the seven genes that Mendel studied were on different chromosomes -the two on the same chromosomes were so far apart that they also assorted independently
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why Mendel thought that genes assorted independently
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assort independently; genes do not each chromosome is a group of linked genes
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chromosomes
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shows the relative location of each gene on a chromosome
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gene map
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sometimes separates genes that had been on the same chromosome onto homologous chromosomes
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crossing-over during meiosis
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occasionally separate
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genes that are linked
