DCF: Child Growth and Development CGAD – Flashcards
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What is a theory?
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A set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain phenomena(a fact or behavior that can be observed)
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How do you create a positive environment for children in your care?
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*Ensure learning centers have ample space for movement. *Reduce the number of transitions throughout the day. *Ensure the environment feels safe for the child. *Provide activities that are slightly challenging to the child. *Provide activities to increase development without causing frustration.
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Abraham Maslow developed what?
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The hierarchy of human needs
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How many levels does Maslow's hierarchy have?
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Five
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What are the 5 levels of Maslows hierarchy?
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Level 1-Physical Level 2-Comfort and Saftey Level 3- Social Level 4-Self-esteem Level 5-Self-Actualizing
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What are examples of a Physical need?
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*Air to breathe *Shelter to protect *Water to drink *Food to eat *Clothes to wear *Health care
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What are examples of Comfort and Saftey?
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*Safety *Security *Stability *Transportation *Safe relationships *Child care
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What are some examples of Self-Esteem?
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*Adequacy *Confidence *Importance *Sense of efficiency,capability,resilency,hopefulness *Ability to cope and problem solve
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What are some examples of Self-Actualizing?
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*Fulfill one's life purpose and meaning *Being all that one is able to be *Spirituality *Personal emotional response *Refinement of interpersonal skills
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What does the heirarchy of needs mean to you as a child care professional?
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*Basic needs must be met first,when not met,the child's self worth suffers. *Neglect can occur at all levels,not just basic needs.All needs are important. *Child care professionals need to be aware of the family circumstances to understand what needs are beig met at home.
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What are some hints that will help you remember Maslows's theory?
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*If you close the "M" at the bottom, it will form triangles or pyramids. *Maslow studies human needs. *What motivates children to act the way they do? Needs being met.
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Do the lower levels of needs have to be met before higher needs can be accomplished?
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Yes
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Successfully meeting the needs at each level results in what?
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Fulfilling one's life with purpose and meaning.
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Erik Erikson developed what?
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He developed eight pyschosocial stages through which humans develop throughout their entire lifetime. It is called the Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development.
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How is Erik Erikson recognized?
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As a development pyschologist who can be compared to Sigmund Freud because of his theory that humans develop in stages.
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What are each of Erikson's stages called?
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Conflicts
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Moving successfully through each of Erikson's stages results in what?
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A strong social and emotional life.
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What is the first conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented at?
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Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
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What is the second conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years)
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What is the third conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?
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Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to 5 years)
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What is the fourth conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?
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Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)
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Why don't we study Erikson's Conflicts 5-8?
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They are important in the study of human development,but they are less significant in child development,because Erikson believes that they occur after the age of 12.
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What is the meaning of Trust vs. Conflict
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*Trust is developed over time by providing an infant with a consistent,comforting environment. *When needs are met,trust is established. *Trust builds a emotional foundation. *A lack of trust can result in proor emotional stability.
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What is the meaning of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
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*Toddlers need to explore their own bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves. *When autonomy is allowed a person can become comfortable with his/her choices. *A lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or insecurity.
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What is the meaning of Initiative vs. Guilt?
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*When initiative is encourged,a person experiments within one's environment. *4 or 5 year olds begin to develop an interest in exploring beyond themselves. *Children who can't explore will be prone to guilt for their actions. *A lack of industry can result in a feeling of low self worth.
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What does Erikson's theory mean to a child care professional?
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It means they can: *Create relationships with children based on trust. *Allow children to exercise autonomy whenever safe and practical. *Guide children to initiate activity or portions of activities whenever safe and practical. *Promote the building of your children's creativity during activities.
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What are some hints to help you remember Erikson's theory?
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*E. Erikson contains 8 letters---8 stages *E.E.= two "E's" playing together---social behaviors *Focus on emotional and personality development. *Major conflict at each stage and how they are dealt with affect development.
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How can you resolve conflicts and create a resilient social and emotional life?
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By encouraging trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry.
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What is Jean Piaget's theory called?
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The Four Stages of Cognitive Development
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What is Jean Piaget most known for?
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His work on the psychology of intelligence.
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What was Jean Piaget interested in?
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Learning how children develop an intellectual understanding of the world.
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What was Jean Piaget's theory based on?
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The concept of cognitive structures. These structures are patterns of physical or mental action that underlie acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of child development.
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What does Piaget assume about humans?
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They take the information that they recieve and process it,then react to it.
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According to Piaget,children develop the ability to learn in how many basic stages?
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4
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In each of Jean Piaget's stages what does development focus on?
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Acquiring a diffrent set of related characteristics and abilities.
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What are the Four Stages of Cognitive Development?
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1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years) 2- Preoperational (2-7 years) 3-Concrete-operational (7-11 years) 4-Formal Operations (11+ years)
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What are the signs of sensorimotor?
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*Explore their world through senses and motor skills. *Understand the world by physically manipulating objects. *Trial and error problem solving *Object permanence child does not know that physical objects remain in existence when out of sight.
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What are signs of preoperational?
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*Preschoolers and early school-age children learn about their world through their actions. *Uses symbols to mentally represent objects. *Increase development of language and concepts. *Reasoning may be illogical and not sequential. *Egocentric thought processes
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What are signs of concrete-operational?
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*Older school-age children learn about their world by applying logic. *Deal with changes and process *Are able to make relationships about why things happen. *Understand how things relate to one another
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What are signs of formal operations?
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*Early high-school schildren learn about their world through constructing and solving problems. *Begin to think about thinking *Think in abstract terms *Make educated guesses
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How does knowledge of Jean Piaget's four stages help you the child care provider?
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The stages help you understand how babies and children may percieve their envirnment.
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When you plan developmentally appropriate learning activities what is important to keep in mind?
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A child's stage of cognitive development
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What does Piaget's theory help you understand?
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Why children make thinking "mistakes"
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What are two primary instructional techniques that are based on Piaget's theory?
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Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of children.
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Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete experiences such as?
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*Use of manipulative field trips and working in groups to help them learn
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What did Lev Vygotsky develop?
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He developed the social development theory of learning
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What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?
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That social and cultural interaction are the primary sources of learning and behavior.
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What were some of Vygotsky's major theory ideas?
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*Children acquire knowledge through culture. *Children learn through problem solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable abult or peer. *A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboartion that could not be achieved alone. Vygotsky called this the zone of proximal and claimed that learning occured in this zone.
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What is scaffolding?
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An instrumental technique where a person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns,the responsibility is gradually transferred to him.
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How can child care professionals use the information from vygotsky's theory?
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*Give them things within in their range of ability *Pair children up
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Where must Learning environments be developed?
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Where children play an active role in their own education as well as the educatiom of their peers. The adult collaborates with children in order to create meaing in ways that childrencan make their own.
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What does the culture that surrounds children and their social interaction lead to?
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Continous step-by-step changes in their learning and behavior.
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What factors influence child's growth and development?
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...This course will teach you the basic principals of child growth and development.
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What are the developmental domains?
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...you will learn how these principles affect children's learning.
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Define Growth
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A is specific body changes and increases in the child's size,such as height,weight,head circumference and body mass index.
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Define Development
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An increase in complexity,a change from relatively simple to more complicated.Usually involves a progression along a continous pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge,behaviors, and skills.
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body
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We define growth as specific ____ changes and increases in the child's size.
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During the first year of an infants life,babies grow how much in length and weight?
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They can grow_10__inches in length and triple their birth weight.
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After the first year a baby's growth slows down to how many inches a year?
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They grow _5_ inches a year for the next 2 years and continues from age 2 or 3 to puberty at a rate of two to three inches each year.
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When do girls enter puberty?
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Between _8_ to _13_ years of age
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When do boys usually enter puberty?
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_10_ to _15_ years of age
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How does growth proceed?
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From the head downward and from the center of the body outward.
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Children gain control of what first followed by their arms and legs
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Head and neck
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At birth what three part's of the body are fully functioning inorder to support the infant?
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The brain,heart,and spinal cord
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As children grow which two muscles must develop first before the finger and toe muscles do?
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The arm and leg muscles
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Do children differ in growth?
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Yes, some children are taller,some shorter. Some children are smaller,while others are larger.
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How is normal growth supported?
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By good nutrition,adequate sleep,and regular exercise.
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Do children grow at a steady rate throughout their childhood?
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No
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Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth followed by what?
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Growth spurts
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How can you help children understand their differences in growth?
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Show pictures of various stages of growth and showing them what's alike.
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If you detect that a child is self-conscious about her size,how would you help her work on increasing her self acceptance?
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Show them that being diffrent is what makes us unique and special.
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If you have some concern about a growth-related issue about a child,how would you approach this issue with parents?
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First build relationship with parent,then share typical growth information with them.
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Is the developmental sequence the same for all children?
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Yes,but the rate varies
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What are some examples of Principle 1-Developmental sequence is similiar for all?
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*Children develop in relatively the same ways. *They can move forward,regressfor a short time,then move forward again. *Some children may skip a behavior or skill as they move forward. *While the sequence is similar and the behaviors or skills emerge in the same order children can take more or less time each behavior or skill.
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What are examples of Principle 2-Developmental proceeds from General to Specific.
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*Development progresses from a beginning point moving in a forward direction. *Development of behaviors and skills moves from general to specific. *As children mature their bodily changes occur in a sequential order and give children new abilities. *As the brain and nervous system develops,a child's thinking cognitive skills and motor physical skills improve. *In motor development,an infant's large muscles develop first and result in the ability to wave the arms and kick the legs. *Development continues in the smaller muscles in the fingers and toes and results in the abilityof the fingers to grasp objects and the toes to help with balance when standing and walking.
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What are examples of Principle 3-Development is continous
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*In children who develop normally,behaviors and skills they have already acquired become the basis for new behaviors and skills. *There is continuity from one phase of development to the next. *Children continue to add new behaviors and skills as they perfect their ability to walk,to write or draw and to speak. *In order for children to write or draw,they must have developed the control of their hands and fingers to hold a crayon and pencil.Holding a pencil develops into writing and drawing. *The continuation of development can easily be seen in children as they mature from age 2 to age 12.
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What are examples of Principle 4-Development Proceeds at diffrent rates
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*Each child is diffrent,and the rates at which individual children develop are diffrent. *Although the sequences for development are usually the same for all children,the rates at which individual children reach each stage will be diffrent. *Some children will walk at ten months while others walk at eighteen months of age. *Development is never uniform,but it is constant.
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What are examples of Principle 5- All areas of development are interrelated
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*Development in children is interrelated *Principles 1 through 4 show how the body has to grow and develop before new behaviors and skills can occur.They also demonstrate the first 2 of 6 areas od development,called domains.
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What are the 6 Domains of Development
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*Physical Health *Motor Development *Cognitive Development and General Knowledge *Language and Communication *Social and Emotional *Approaches to Learning
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What are the characteristics of Physical health and Motor Development Domains?
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Involves increased physical growth and abilities.
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What are characteristics of Cognitive Development and General Knowledge and Approaches to Learning Domain?
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Thinking,planning,creating,exploring,and questioning.
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What are the characteristics of Langueage and Communication Domain of Development?
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A child's ability to see,hear,speak,read,and write.
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How is Social and Emotional Domain of Development defined?
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By forming relationships and attachments.
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How many brain cells do we get at birth and how much wiring is between them?
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100 billion but their is minimial wiring between them.
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What is a Synapse?
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A connection between two nerve cells.They are formes throughout the brain throughout life.
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Early on how are these new pathways?
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Simple,vulnerable,and grow rapidly.
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Over time the brain surrounds the synapse with a kind of insulation that offers protection to the conncections. What is the insulation called?
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Myelin
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How are messages between synapses sent?
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Electrochemically
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What chemicals are involved in conveying messages?
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Serotonin,norepinephrine,epinephrine,dopamineand tryptamine
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Some chemicals are specialized and indicate what?
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Pleasure,pain or alarm
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What determines which connections are initially formed?
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Stimulation and experience
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What gets "wired" into the brain?
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Stimuli that are encountered early and often,as well as the child's successful responses.
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What helps determine the strength and durability of a connection?
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Practice and Repitition
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What does the saying "use it or lose it" apply to?
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Brain development
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How are a baby's early repertoire of responses exercised?
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At random
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Developmental Windows
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Certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people.These periods of time are tied to brain developmental milestones. For example,language skills depend on hearing other people speak.
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If there is not adequate verbal stimulation in the first years of life what is negatively affected?
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Language skills,especially grammar and pronunciation.
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When does the window of oppurtunity for learning language skills begin to close?
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Around 5 Years old and greatly deminishes around puberty.
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How is growth influenced?
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By the baby's environment and experiences.
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A child's heredity are genes that are passed along from the parents. What do they determine?
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The child's brain development
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What affect's brain structure?
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Early experiences in the environment
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What determines how children develop?
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Their environment and experiences
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What things have an affect on the development of a child's brain and their ability to socialize and grow?
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*How you diaper,feed,and put to sleep. *The way you great,and the way comfort. *The amount of space the child had to play in,and the ambient lighting *The songs you sing *The toys you provide *The meals you serve
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What are some examples of how these things affect development?
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If your not feeding them properly they wont grow. Greeting allows them to feel like they belong. If they dont have a lot space they won't develop gross motor skills.
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Knowledgeable caregivers can do what?
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Detect indicators of possible delays,and can help get the child the assistance he needs.
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Why should child care professionals learn about principles of child development?
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Care and the environment can support or hinder development. The knowledgeable caregiver can support a child in learning new skills. When a child is struggling with a new skill,timely intervention can help hime over come a problem and catch-up.
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How many of your interactions witha child have an affect on their development and learning?
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All of them
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As a child care provider you should always do what?
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Be on the lookout for signs of developmental delays and be aware of appropriate methods of dealing with children experiencing developmental delays.
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How can you use your knowledge about the principles of child growth and development?
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By looking out for the child who is not yet showing the skills and behaviors we would expect in a certain age range.
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It is important to remember what?
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To NOT diagnose children.
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Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990 sent what message?
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That children and adults with disabilities are entitles to the same rights.
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What does it mean when the Americans With Disabilities Act states that people with disabilities are entitles to equal rights?
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It means that children with disabilities are legally entitled to equal access to community-based child care settigs.
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Is a legal mandate by itself sufficent enough to make realistic and responsive child care options available to children with disabilities?
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No
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How would you address a child who is physically challenged?
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Leveled surface area and enough space to manuvre.
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How would you address a child who is socially challenged(a child who had autism)
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Follow certain schedules,give them heads up on next transition.
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How do you address a child who is shy or emotionally challenged?
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Set them up with a buddy.
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How do you address a who is gifted?
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More challenging activities but dont make them mini teacher.
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How do you address a child who is mentally challenged?
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Don't hinder them,don't make things to difficult.
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What factors have a great influence on the development of children and the decisions child care proffesionals take in planning their learning and care?
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Internal and external
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Why is nutirition important?
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Food gives energy to get through the day and learn and grow.
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Why are exercise levels important?
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The keep kids healthy
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Why are daily physical and learning routines important?
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Consistence helps them feel better.
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Why are relationships with family and friends important?
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They provide a sense of security and belonging
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Why is promoting social interaction important?
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So they can interact with others
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Why are social interaction and the children with disabilities important?
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Helps children with and without special needs interact in positive way.
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What environmental influences are important for children's growth and development?
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Nutrition,exercise levels, daily routines in physical activities and learning and relationships with adults and other children.
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What is heredity?
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The passing down of genetic charecteristics from parents to their children.
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How does heredity influence a child?
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Through the inheritance pf physical characteristics and temperment from birth parents at the time of conception.
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When does the influence of heredity exist?
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before the child is conceived.The egg of the mother and the sperm of the father carry genetic materials(genes and chromosomes) that combine to form a unique child.
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What are the blueprints for cells?
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Genes- They contain all the instructions necessary to create the human body.
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What are genes made up of?
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Large,complex molecules called DNA.
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What is a genotype disorder?
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A defect existing in the genetic material from either the father or mother and may be inherited by the child.
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How many characteristics are determined through heredity factors?
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Hundrends but not all of them are favorable.
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Temperment describes what?
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The emotional response of a child
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Define temperment
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A prevailing or dominant quality that characterizes a person.
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Define personality
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The totality of a person's attitudes, interests,behavioral patterns,emotional responses,social roles and individual traits that endure over long periods of time.
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What is heredity?
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The blend of physical and temperamental charecteristics inherited by a child from the birth parents. Inherited characteristics may have positive or negative influences on a child.
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What are some facts about birth order?
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*Birth order affects a child by determing how he sees himself. *Research shows that generalizations can be made as to the typical characteristics of placement. *Firstborn children are more likely to go to college. *Middle children seem to have the strongest feelings of neglect by parents, often feeling that they were "squeezed out" by the other siblings. *The youngest child may be more pampered and creative.
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What are some facts about The Only Child?
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*Be the center of attention;often enjoys position.May feel special. *Relys on service from others rather than own efforts. *Felt more incompetent because adults are more capable. *Feel unfairly treated when he doesn't get his own way. May refuse to cooperate. *Play "divide and conquer" to get his own way *Have poor peer relations as child but better relations as adult *Please others only when he wants to. *Be creative
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What are some facts about The First Child?
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Develop competent,responsible behavior or become very discouraged. *Sometimes strive to protect and help others accept responsibility. *Use to being center of attention *Believe's must have superiority *Pressure to please
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What are some facts about The Second Child?
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Act as if in a race,trying to catch up,or overtake first child. If first child is "good", second may be labeled "bad." *Be rebellious.Often doesn't like this position in the family. *Never had parent undivided attention *Develop abilities first that first child did not.
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What are some facts about The Third Child or Middle Children?
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*Feel unloved,left out, "squeezed." *Be adaptable.May learn to deal with both oldest and youngest sibiling. *Felt less pressure *Doesn't fit into family *Feels like problem child
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What are some facts about The Youngest Child?
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*Behave like an only child.May feel that everyone is bigger and more capable. *Remain "The Baby." If youngest of three,often alies with oldest against middle child. *Felt smallest and weakest *Not taken seriously *Boss of family
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A child in good health has a better opportunity to do what?
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Grow with fewer developmental challenges than an unhealthy child.
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What happens when a child has a high number of illnesses,accidents,injuries,and diseases?
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They are more likely the child will encounter a developmental delay.
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What is health status?
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A critical influence on the growth and development of a child from the pre-natal period through each age and stage.
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What factors affect the health of children?
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Socio-economic status,gender, and race.
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How does being healthy generally happen?
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When a child eats well,gets a lot of physical activity and exercise,and has a healthy weight.
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What healthy behaviors have to be started with young children and continued through adolescence?
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Sufficient rest,exhibiting appropriate emotions,behaviors and response to discipline appropriate for the age,practicing oral hygiene and developing speech and language proficiency.
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What happens when a child is healthy?
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His body works well,feels good,and can do all the things he wants to do.
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What are several practiceses you can use to assist with overweight children?
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*Don't reward children for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with treats. *Don't insist that children finish all the food on their plates. *Do provide healthy foods and drinks *Teach the children why these foods and drinks are healthy. *Plan activities that give children numerous opportunities to engage in physical play and exercise. *Sharing information with parents on the healthy eating,as well as the exercise the children are participating in while in child care,could remind them of improvements they could make at home.
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What can disturb or delay normal development?
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Impairment resulting from prenatal problems, trauma during birth,accidents,illness,or disease that damages the body or mind.
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What is important during the early years while rapid growth is occuringand while bones and muscles are maturing?
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A child's nutritional intake
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Children may progress more slowly when they have multiple developmental challenges such as?
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Poor eyesight,poor motor control and language impairment.
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How can a developmental obstacle be overcome or reduced?
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By teamwork between the child,parents and the child care professional.
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What is Public Law 94-142 also known as?
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The Inclusion Rule
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When was Public Law 92-142 passed?
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In 1975, by the 94th congress
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What does inclusion mean?
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Including children with special need,side by side,with their non-handicapped peers. This allows children to learn from each other.
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What are some benefits to the Inclusion Rule?
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Including children with special needs helps speed up development,result in fewer children being retained in later grades and improve the quality of family relationships.
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Who has an impact on a child's health status?
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The child's family
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What are a number of health issues that the family controls?
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Serving healthy meals, frequency of doctor visits and getting the necessary immunizations.
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Where does parental responsibility begin?
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With good pre-natal care
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What is (FAS)?
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom. It results in a variety of mental and physical defects that develop inunborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy.
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What are symptoms of FAS?
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Growth,skeletal,facial,organ and central nervous system abnormalities.
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Examples of Possible Physical Disabilities:
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*Difficulty with large muscle motor activities such as climbing stairs,crawling,riding a tricycle. *Frequently walking or bumping into things. *Shows a lack of energy *Difficulty with activities such as building a tower of blocks.
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Examples of Possible Visual Problems:
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*Difficulty in seeing distant things clearly. *Holds toys or books very close to eyes *Rubs eyes frequently *Blinking eyes often when doing work
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Examples of possible Hearing Problems:
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*Poor speech,omits sounds,loud voice. *Does not understand directions. *Does not answer when called. *Trouble paying attention in large group activities. *Often gives the wrong answers to the questions. *Avoids playing with other children. *Becomes tires early in day
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Examples of Possible Speech or Language Problems:
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*No speech by age two *Does not use two or three word sentences by age three. *Difficulty understanding after age three. *Stutters after age five *Has poor voice quality *Problems understanding what is said.
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Examples of Possible Learning Problems:
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*Unable to follow directions because they cannot remember what was said. *Frequently bumping into things,knocking things over. *Unable to see differences in size,shape and color *Cannot remember what is seen or heard. *Cannot tell the difference betweensounds and textures.
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Examples of Possible Attention Problems:
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*Acts very quickly without thinking about consequences. *Very short attention span *Cannot complete task. *Switches from one task to another. *Easily distracted by another situation. *Unable to return to original task. *Excessive movement *Constant motion even when classroom is quiet.
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Developmental obstacles do what?
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They vary widely but affect all development.
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What is crucial to making your decisions as a child care professional?
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Knowledge of developmental stages and influences on a child.
