Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is the definition of science?
answer
An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.
question
What is the definition of biology?
answer
Scientific study of life.
question
What is the scientific method?
answer
Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results
question
What does the work of scientists begin with?
answer
Analyzing data.
question
What is an inference?
answer
Drawing a conclusion based on what you already know.
question
After a scientist makes observations and asks a question, what is the next step?
answer
Construct a hypothesis.
question
What is a hypothesis?
answer
An educated statement, guess, or understanding of the natural phenomenon.
question
What is the definition of an experiment?
answer
a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis.
question
What are some examples of qualitative data?
answer
The cat is blue. They dog is magenta.
question
What is qualitative data?
answer
Data based on quality.
question
What is quantitative data?
answer
Data based on quantity.
question
What are some examples of quantitative data?
answer
There are eight snails. There were two mushrooms.
question
What is an independent variable?
answer
A variable that is independent and cannot be changed.
question
What is a dependent variable?
answer
A variable that is dependent on something else and can be changed.
question
What is a variable?
answer
A factor that is subject to change.
question
What is the metric unit of mass?
answer
Gram.
question
What is the metric unit of length?
answer
Meter.
question
What is the metric unit of volume?
answer
Liter.
question
A meter contains how many km?
answer
0.001
question
A meter contains how many cm?
answer
100
question
A meter contains how many mm?
answer
1000
question
When an experiment gives important results, what should you do with the results?
answer
Communicate the results.
question
What are the 8 characteristics of living things?
answer
Made of cells Adapt and Respond to environment Homeostasis or Internal Balance Based on genetic code- DNA or RNA Evolution- all organisms evolve over time Consume energy All organisms reproduce All organisms grow and develop
question
Can all living things produce their own energy?
answer
No
question
Can all living things move independently?
answer
No
question
What is the definition of homeostasis?
answer
A process in which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable.
question
What is an instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image called?
answer
Microscope
question
What are three subatomic particles that make up an atom called?
answer
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
question
How can someone determine the atomic number of an atom?
answer
The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
question
How do you find the mass number of an atom?
answer
Equal to the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in it's nucleus.
question
What is an isotope?
answer
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
question
What is an ion?
answer
Positively and negatively charged atoms.
question
How many electrons can a carbon atom share?
answer
4
question
What is the most abundant compound in living things?
answer
Water
question
Why is water so important to life?
answer
An extraordinarily versatile molecule - it's the perfect liquid medium in which to dissolve nutrients for ingestion or wastes for excretion, to transport important chemicals.
question
Why are water molecules polar?
answer
Uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
question
An organic compound contains what element?
answer
Carbon
question
When looking at a formula for a chemical reaction, how can you tell what the reactants are?
answer
They are on the left side of the arrow.
question
When looking at a formula for a chemical reaction, how can you tell what the products are?
answer
They are on the right side of the arrow.
question
What three elements do all organic macromolecules have in common?
answer
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen.
question
What types of macromolecule are simple sugars?
answer
Carbohydrate
question
What organic molecule is the main source of energy for organisms?
answer
Carbohydrate
question
Which organic molecule stores genetic information?
answer
Nucleic Acid
question
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
answer
Nucleotides(5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base).
question
What is the primary function of lipids?
answer
Energy storage
question
What are the building blocks of proteins?
answer
Amino acids.
question
What is the most abundant organic compound in animal cells?
answer
Carbon dioxide
question
Which macromolecule controls the rate of reactions and cell processes?
answer
Proteins
question
What is definition of an enzyme?
answer
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
question
What does a carbohydrate look like?
answer
Tend to be clear. Hexagon shaped.
question
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
answer
The cell is basic unit of life. All living things are made up of one or more cell. All cells come from other living cells.
question
What are the levels of organization in living things from the simplest to most complex level?
answer
Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organisms
question
What do all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?
answer
Both have DNA as their genetic material (it's DNA that tells cells what kind of cells they should be). Both are covered by a cell membrane. Both contain RNA.
question
What is the function of the cell wall?
answer
Protects the cell and gives it it's shape.
question
What is the function of the cell membrane?
answer
Regulate the flow of materials, detect external signals, and monitors interactions between cells.
question
What is the function if the ribosomes?
answer
Are the structural support, and the catalyst for protein synthesis.
question
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
answer
Are the structural and functional units where photosynthesis takes place.
question
Chloroplasts are involved in what process?
answer
Photosynthesis
question
How can someone tell the difference between a plant and an animal cell?
answer
Animal cells have mitochondrion and Plant cells have chloroplasts.
question
What does selectively permeable mean?
answer
Term given to something that allows selected substances to pass through. It chooses what can pass through it or what cannot.
question
What is osmosis?
answer
Movement of water molecules through a thin membrane.
question
What is diffusion?
answer
process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration.
question
What is passive transport?
answer
Random movement of molecules that lead to a net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. This requires no energy
question
What is active transport?
answer
movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires energy.
question
What is an autotroph?
answer
An organism that is capable of making and storing food using the sun (or another nonliving) energy sources.
question
What is a heterotroph?
answer
An organism that is unable to produce it's own food and cannot perform photosynthesis.
question
How is energy released from an ATP molecule?
answer
When a phosphate is removed from ATP, a high energy chemical bond is broken and energy is released.
question
What happens to ATP after it is used by the cell?
answer
Becomes less energized ADP or adenosine diphosphate. ADP then goes back and becomes re-energized.
question
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
answer
6co2 + 6h2o ==> c6h12o6 + 6o2
question
How do plants take in the sun's energy?
answer
Through photosynthesis.
question
What gas is given off by a plant in bright sunlight?
answer
Oxygen
question
Why do plants appear green?
answer
They absorb all colors except for green, or chlorophyll.
question
What are grana?
answer
Stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts.
question
What are stroma?
answer
Supporting tissue of an organ.
question
What is photosynthesis?
answer
The chemical process that enables plants and some bacteria to capture the sun's energy and turn it into food and oxygen.
question
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
answer
Occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. The products (ATP and NADPH) are used in the second stage of photosynthesis, which is called the Calvin Cycle.
question
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?(light-independent reactions)
answer
In the stroma of the chloroplast.
question
Name three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
answer
Water, light intensity & temperature.
question
Whats the overall equation for cellular respiration?
answer
C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP
question
What is anaerobic?
answer
Without air.
question
What is aerobic?
answer
With air.
question
Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?
answer
It requires oxygen.
question
What gas is released during cellular respiration?
answer
CO2
question
What are the three stages of cellular respiration in order?
answer
Glycolysis, Citric Acid, & Electron Transport Chain.
question
Where does glycolysis take place?
answer
Cytoplasm
question
Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?
answer
Mitochondria
question
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
answer
Mitochondria
question
Does Glycolysis take place with or without oxygen?
answer
Without, anaerobic.
question
Does the Kreb's Cycle require oxygen?
answer
With, aerobic.
question
What's the molecule that the process of glycolysis starts with?
answer
Glucose
question
What process does yeast go through to obtain energy?
answer
Alcoholic Fermentation
question
What process occurs only in muscle cells when no oxygen is present?
answer
Lactic Acid Fermentation.
question
As a cell grows, what happens to it's surface area compared to it's volume?
answer
Surface volume increases.
question
As a cell grows, does it become more or less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across it's membrane?
answer
Less efficient.
question
What body system transports blood, oxygen and waste?
answer
Organ System.
question
Name the body system that's involved in gas exchange?
answer
Respiratory System.
question
What is homeostasis?
answer
An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
question
What are the two main parts of the cell cycle?
answer
Interphase and mitosis.
question
What is the longest phase of cell cycle?
answer
Interphase.
question
What is the period between cell divisions called?
answer
Interphase.
question
What are all the steps of mitosis?
answer
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
question
What is apoptosis?
answer
A normal series of events in a cell that leads to its death. Programmed cell death.
question
What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?
answer
Control the progression of cells through the cell cycle.
question
What is cancer?
answer
Growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
question
What is a tumor?
answer
An abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose.
question
What are stem cells?
answer
The unspecialized cells of the body. Found in all multi-cellular organisms.
question
What is differentiation?
answer
The structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function.
