question

What is not true about race?

answer

scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist

question

How is human variation, such as skin color, distributed across the species?

answer

in a continuous fashion

question

In which of the following areas is skin color not a determinant of social status?

answer

Polynesia

question

In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation?

answer

18th/19th centuries

question

Blumenbach argued that degeneration of human types was caused by:

answer

migrating from one's place of origin

question

What scientist did measurements on skulls to attempt to demonstrate biological superiority of specific groups?

answer

Johann Blumenbach

question

The 18th-century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus originally divided humans into subspecies based on:

answer

geographic location

question

The book, On the Natural Variety of Mankind, formally proposes a notion of:

answer

a hierarchy of human types

question

For Blumenbach, the term "Malay" included:

answer

indigenous Australians and Pacific islanders

question

Ota Benga was exhibited at the Bronx Zoo with an:

answer

orangutan

question

Why was Ota Benga first brought to the United States?

answer

to be exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair

question

What happened to Ota Benga?

answer

he committed suicide

question

Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States?

answer

Franz Boas

question

Early American anthropologists Franz Boas and Ashley Montagu both suffered from what kind of prejudice in their European homelands?

answer

anti-semitism

question

T/F: Differences between individual populations is greater than that between individuals.

answer

false

question

The fingerprint patter of "loops" is associated primarily with:

answer

sub-Saharan Africans

question

Broadly defined "racial" groups differ from one another in what percent of their genes?

answer

7%

question

To understand why the racial approach to human variation has been so unproductive and damaging, we must first understand:

answer

how biology and genetics help us understand variation

question

What is not true of the race concept?

answer

races are genetically closed

question

Which scholars worked to combat racism in their career?

answer

Johann Blumenbach; Samuel Morton; Carolus Linnaeus

question

Through genetic analysis in the 1970s, an evolutionary biologist showed that there was a very low percentage of human variation existing among groups seen as racially separate. Who was this individual?

answer

Richard Lewontin

question

Because populations are genetically open:

answer

no fixed racial groups exist

question

What do we call the practice in the United States of assigning race to the parent believed to pertain to a minority group (known also as the "one drop rule")?

answer

hypodescent

question

The category of "Ladino" is associated with:

answer

Eastern Europe

question

The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:

answer

racism

question

The Nuremberg race laws of 1935 were associated with the deaths of approximately how many people?

answer

11 million people

question

According to the Nuremberg race laws and Nazi policy, all of the following groups were considered to be inferior except:

answer

Aryans

question

What do we call a doctrine that dehumanizes a group of people based on physical characteristics?

answer

racism

question

Approximately how many people died in the Nazi Holocaust?

answer

11 million

question

Approximately what percentage of unique inborn characteristics can be attributed to any group of people based on biology alone?

answer

0%

question

IQ tests typically measure:

answer

innate intelligence

question

Intelligence characteristics are:

answer

independently inherited

question

During what time period did the United States government administer the Alpha and Beta intelligence tests?

answer

World War I

question

What did the Alpha and Beta tests ultimately prove?

answer

the ability of certain individuals to respond well or poorly to questions conceived by middle-class Americans of European descent

question

In which book do we find the argument that the various American "races" have differing degrees of intelligence based on immutable genetic factors?

answer

The Bell Curve

question

Which of the following books has an argument similar to that of The Bell Curve?

answer

Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We're Afraid to Talk About It

question

In the article, "A Feckless Quest for the Basketball Gene," Jonathan Marks argues that:

answer

associating athletics and race is based on make-believe genetics and applied to naively-conceptualized groups of individuals

question

Marks argues that athletic ability is based on all of the following except:

answer

race

question

What is not a problem associated with twin studies?

answer

failure to use adopted children in studies

question

Which of the following is true about a child's intelligence?

answer

it tends to be relatively the same as the child's mother's

question

Members of the genus Homo have primarily adapted through culture over the past:

answer

2.5 million years

question

In the United States, as in most industrial and postindistrial countries since World War II, IQ scores have risen an average of:

answer

15 points

question

The distribution of a single, genetically-based characteristic related to adaptation is called a:

answer

cline

question

All of the following facts influence race relations in the United States except:

answer

biology

question

What is the primary purpose of vitamin D in humans?

answer

maintain the balance of calcium in the body

question

Melanin has the primary function of:

answer

protecting the skin against solar radiation

question

In northern latitudes people have less melanin to promote the manufacture of vitamin:

answer

D

question

Where do we find an adaptive advantage associated with dark skin?

answer

in tropical areas

question

Which of the following is highest in naturally-occurring Vitamin D?

answer

cod liver oil

question

What is not true regarding human skin?

answer

lightly pigmented skin is more highly evolved than heavier pigmented skin

question

What percentage of the United States population is considered to get little exercise and be overweight?

answer

61%

question

Today, in the United States, there are skyrocketing rates of all of the following conditions due to lifestyle practices:

answer

heart disease; diabetes; obesity

question

What is part of a "Paleolitic prescription" for health?

answer

lower calorie consumption; more varied diet; increased physical activity

question

In times of scarcity, individuals with the thrifty genotype conserve:

answer

nitrogen and glucose

question

What is an enzyme found in the small intestine that enables the digestion of milk sugar?

answer

lactase

question

Lactase retention and lactose tolerance are associated with what percent of adults of northern European descent?

answer

over 80%

question

A high retention of lactase is found in populations with a long tradition of:

answer

herding

question

The thrifty genotype characterized humans until about:

answer

6,000 years ago

question

What is the thrifty genotype?

answer

a genotype that permits the efficient storage of fat for times of food scarcity

question

All of the following are examples of cultural practices actin as an agent for biological selection except:

answer

an inherited trait that affects biological fitness

question

Fava beans provide protection against:

answer

malaria

question

The dietary stable consumed in Mediterranean countries where malaria is common is:

answer

the fava bean

question

BPA has recently been associated with higher rates of:

answer

heart disease and diabetes

question

Hormone-disrupting chemicals are so prevalent in the United States that sperm rates from 1938 to 1990 have declined by:

answer

50%

question

The most significant function of culture is to:

answer

mark group identities

question

Among both Muslims and Jews, which animal is seen as the most defiling?

answer

pig

question

Under their conquest of the Jordan Valley in Palestine over 3,000 years ago, the Israelites practiced what form of subsistence?

answer

nomadic herding

question

Why does Marvin Harris believe that historical Muslims and Jews had dietary prohibitions against pork?

answer

it was maladaptive to raise pigs in their environment

question

For a culture to be successful, it must produce collective human behavior that is:

answer

generally adaptive to the natural environment

question

Who first defined culture for anthropology?

answer

Edward Tylor

question

Which of the following is not part of the 1871 definition of culture?

answer

symbols and symbol-making

question

The gradual process of adjustment to local conditions is called:

answer

adaptation

question

Which best describes adaptation among humans?

answer

a process of biological and cultural adjustment over time

question

Culture is considered to be all of the following except:

answer

static

question

Was the development of irrigation in Mesopotamia adaptive or maladaptive?

answer

it was adaptive when first established

question

All humans eat when they are hungry; however, they eat food that is considered acceptable within their culture at times that are culturally prescribed. This is an example of:

answer

enculturation

question

Which of the following is not an attribute of culture?

answer

it is uniform

question

Which of the following is a true statement?

answer

symbols form part of every aspect of culture

question

Which country in 2008 extended some basic human rights to other non-human primates?

answer

Spain

question

Which species was found to exhibit learned behavior that fostered nonaggressive interaction with indigenous hunters and gatherers in the Kalahari?

answer

lions

question

What is the difference between sex and gender?

answer

gender is the combination of cultural meaning assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes

question

An occupational group tends to be classified as a:

answer

subculture

question

What is the best way to describe the difference between humans and other non-human primates?

answer

it is a difference of degree

question

Society can best be described as a group of individuals who:

answer

share a common territory, language and culture

question

Gender is defined as:

answer

cultural meanings assigned to sexually related biological differences

question

A group that shares ancestry, origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs is also called:

answer

an ethnic group

question

The Amish are most specifically classified as:

answer

an ethnic group

question

Which of the following is not an area in which Amish are frequently located?

answer

Montana

question

The Amish first emerged as a distinct group during what century?

answer

16th

question

The term "ethnicity" comes from the ________ word ethnikos.

answer

Greek

question

The expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group is called:

answer

ethnicity

question

Why do the Amish reject public schooling for their children?

answer

it does not teach Amish values

question

The traditional religion of the Amish is:

answer

Anabaptist

question

What does Apache etiquette require?

answer

that all people be in full view of one another

question

The "Anthropology Applied" story about building houses for Apache Indians reveals what?

answer

cultural and social patterns of behavior can be unconscious, but they have an impact on how we live and use space

question

A religious symbol for the Plains Indians was a:

answer

white buffalo

question

A society in which two or more ethnic groups are politically organized into one territorial state is a:

answer

pluralistic society

question

The existence of pluralistic societies post-date:

answer

the rise of politically-centralized states

question

Which common problem do all pluralistic societies face?

answer

individuals face challenges in interpreting different standards in operation

question

Which of the following definitions best represents a "symbol"?

answer

an arbitrary, but meaningful, representation

question

The most important symbolic aspect of culture is:

answer

language

question

Culture is best described as:

answer

an integrated whole

question

China has fifty-five officially recognized nationalities with ethnic groups speaking different languages and having different cultural traditions practicing a wide array of religions. China is an example of a:

answer

pluralistic society

question

The rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together are called its:

answer

social structure

question

In the barrel model of culture, what are the three areas most interrelated?

answer

infrastructure, superstructure, and social structure

question

A society's cultural features fall within all of the following categories except:

answer

interstructure

question

The economic foundation of a society is called its:

answer

infrastructure

question

A national flag and national anthem are mostly symbols of a society's:

answer

superstructure

question

Among the Kapauku, descent reckoning through men and near constant warfare tends to promote:

answer

male dominance

question

The Kapauku Papuans achieve political power and authority through:

answer

pig breeding

question

The Kapauku practice marriage of one man to multiple wives. This is called:

answer

polygany

question

The primary fodder for Kapauku pigs is:

answer

sweet potatoes

question

The surplus of women among the Kapauku is due to:

answer

loss of males through warfare

question

All cultures are:

answer

dynamic

question

Which of the following forces has caused the greatest acceleration in culture change today?

answer

globalization

question

Which of the following groups has more permissive sexual codes?

answer

Canela

question

In most societies the reward for adhering to culturally prescribed standards is:

answer

social approval

question

What is the most essential research tool for the anthropologist?

answer

cultural relativism

question

Nationalist ideology where people view their own culture as the best of all possible worlds and superior to other people is an example of:

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Which of the following best serves the anthropologist in his/her study of another culture?

answer

cultural relativism

question

Twenty-five percent of all imprisoned people in the world are located in:

answer

United States

question

When is it most permissible for an anthropologist to take a critical stance on a culture?

answer

after avoiding premature judgments

question

A culture can be considered essentially as a:

answer

maintenance system

question

The sounds and gestures of language are classified as:

answer

symbols

question

Language is a system of communication composed of:

answer

sounds and gestures

question

Which of the following would best be classified as a symbol?

answer

handshake

question

Some chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have been taught:

answer

American Sign Language

question

Which of the following is the least significant for learning in humans?

answer

instinct

question

Approximately how many languages exist today?

answer

about 6,000

question

During the Age of Exploration there was estimated to be approximately how many languages existing?

answer

12,000

question

20th century linguist have focused studies on:

answer

the reasoning process behind language construction and the development of theories

question

If you were sent out to decipher an unwritten language, which area of linguistics would be the most useful to you?

answer

descriptive linguistics

question

The identification and description of the distinctive sounds of a language is called:

answer

phonetics

question

The smallest unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning is called a:

answer

phoneme

question

The smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in a language is called a:

answer

morpheme

question

In the word "heated," how many morphemes are there?

answer

2

question

Which of the following is not a main branch of linguistics?

answer

gestural linguistics

question

The rules or principles of phrase and sentence-making in a language are called the:

answer

syntax

question

What is the greatest strength of modern descriptive linguistics?

answer

objectivity of its methods

question

Which of the following pairs of languages does not distinguish between masculine and feminine nouns?

answer

English and Quechua

question

Which of the following is not a Latin-derived Romance language?

answer

Russian

question

English is part of what subgroup of languages?

answer

Germanic

question

The language family which includes English is approximately how old?

answer

6,000 years

question

Approximately how many new words do first-year medical student learn in the first year?

answer

6,000

question

In the past, one of the most powerful forces for linguistic change has been:

answer

colonialism

question

What is the greatest linguistic risk that is posed by the growing popularity of Internet?

answer

decline in linguistic diversity

question

During the past 500 years, approximately how many of the world's languages have become extinct due to warfare, epidemics, and colonialism?

answer

6,000

question

In North America, how many of the original indigenous languages are extinct?

answer

150

question

Approximately what number of people claims English as their native language?

answer

375 million

question

Approximately how many people speak English as a foreign language?

answer

1 billion

question

French attempts to purge their language of non-French words are an example of:

answer

linguistic nationalism

question

Individuals in a society vary on how they used language based on all of the following factors except:

answer

height

question

The study of the relationship between language and society is called:

answer

sociolinguistics

question

Distinct male and female patterns of speech are called:

answer

gendered speech

question

What does AAVE stand for?

answer

African American Vernacular English

question

Which of the following statements is true about AAVE?

answer

it is a highly structured and patterned form of English

question

Which American Indian language is gender-specific in the area of queries?

answer

Lakota

question

Technically, all dialects are:

answer

languages

question

The existence of over 200 words for the potato that reflects the potato's many uses in the Aymara language of highland Bolivia and Peru is an example of:

answer

linguistic relativity

question

Which of the following is a difference between Hopi and English?

answer

Hopi can express that the event talked about is a regular thing that generally occurs

question

Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another is called:

answer

code switching

question

In English it is estimated that about _________ of emotional information is transmitted not by words spoken but by body language.

answer

90%

question

What kinds of information are transmitted through the gesture-call system?

answer

emotions and intentions

question

The methods for notating and analyzing body language is called:

answer

kinesics

question

Approximately what percentage of human communication takes place nonverbally?

answer

60

question

What is an "eyebrow flash"?

answer

rapid eyebrow movement

question

What do we call the cross-cultural study of human perception and use of space?

answer

proxemics

question

A human being has about 50 facial muscles and can make about how many facial expressions?

answer

7,000

question

Hall identified what four categories of proxemically relevant space?

answer

intimate, personal-casual, social consultive, public distance

question

About 70 percent of the world's languages are:

answer

tonal languages

question

What is the name of the Project established by UNESCO to support linguistic and cultural diversity?

answer

Project Chantek

question

Why is speech unique to humans?

answer

great apes do not have the anatomy to speak like humans

question

What anatomically allows the characteristic human sound of speech?

answer

the lowered position of the larynx and epiglottis

question

What was the purpose of wampum belts?

answer

to represent important messages

question

Which of the following was a fully developed early writing system?

answer

Egyptian hieroglyphics

question

How many adults worldwide cannot read or write?

answer

800 million

question

An individual's sense of place in time is termed his/her:

answer

temporal orientation

question

Among the Tchuambuli, Mead found that:

answer

women dominate men

question

Approximately how many sadhus live in India and Nepal?

answer

5 million

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