FSE 1105 – Organic Chemistry – Flashcards
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How does Organic Chemistry differ from Inorganic Chemistry?
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Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in that they center on carbon-containing compounds, whereas inorganic compounds center on metallic (ionic) compounds.
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Organic Chemistry
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The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-containing compounds. At least 12 types of compounds.
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Characteristics of Organic Chemistry
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1. Molecules are relatively large. 2. Molecules are relatively non-ionizable. 3. Reactions involve a change in only a small part of the molecule. 4. Most reactions take place slowly.
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Inorganic Chemistry
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The branch of chemistry that studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon-containing compounds. 4 types of compounds.
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Characteristics of Inorganic Chemistry
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1. Molecules are relatively small. 2. Molecules are relatively ionizable. 3. Reactions involve a major change in the molecule. 4. Many reactions occur instantaneously.
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Polymerization
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The linking together of monomers into basic chemical units to form a polymer.
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Monomer
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A basic, single chemical unit.
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Polymer
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A large molecule made up by bonding many monomers.
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Elements in Organic Chemistry
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Elements are the unique components of compounds denoted by a letter (2 in some cases). In organic chemistry they include: Carbon (C); Hydrogen (H); Oxygen (O); Nitrogen (N); Phosphorous (P); Sulfur (S)
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Periodic Table
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A tabular arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number. This arrangement allows the columns of elements to represent the recurrence of similar properties.
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Atomic Number
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The bold number above the chemical symbol on the periodic table for each element which denotes the number of protons.
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Atomic Mass
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The sum of protons and neutrons for a given element.
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Groups
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AKA Families. Refers to the vertical columns of the periodic table.
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Periods
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Refers to the horizontal rows of the periodic table.
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Alkali Metals
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1A
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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2A
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Halogens
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7A
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Noble Gases
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AKA Inert Gases. 8A
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Chemical Bonding
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The basis for bonding is primarily the sharing of electrons in organic chemistry.
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Ionic Bonds
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The unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a charge. anionic and cationic
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Covalent Bonds
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The equal sharing of electrons resulting in a neutral (or no) charge.
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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An equal sharing of electrons where a partial charge exists due to differences in electronegativity.
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Electronegativity
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The measure of attractiveness that an element has for electrons. On the periodic table electronegativity: INCREASES from left to right in the periods. INCREASES from bottom to top in the groups (families).
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Lewis Dot Structures Definition
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A method of predicting bonding by assigning electrons to the element. The number of electrons is determined by the group number for the elements in the groups 1A through 8A.
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Lewis Dot Structures
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1. Locate the element in the Group number and determine the number of electrons. 2. Each electron must fill evenly in a clockwise orientation. 3. Two electrons that are not shared are referred to as "lone pairs". 4. The goal of most elements is to have 8 electrons.
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Valence Electrons
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The "outer" electrons that are most prone to chemical bonding.
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Octet Rule
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The rule in which elements in Groups 4A - 7A desire to have 8 valence electrons to achieve stability and resemble Noble Gases.
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Bond
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A single bond is denoted by two electrons, which would be represented by two dots in Lewis Dot Structures, in advanced organic chemistry they are represented by two lines.
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Molecular Formulas
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The condensed representation of a compound where multiple atoms of given elements are denoted by lower right subscripts. H₂O; CH₃; H₂SO₄
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Structural Formulas
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Spatial representations of compounds and their bonds using element symbols and bond dashes/lines. C₋OH; R₋OH
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Line Formulas
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Condensed versions of structural formulas without the bond dashes/lines or any numerical subscript.
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R ₋ symbol
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Found in formulas that denote a "hydrocarbon" group.
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Hydrocarbon Group
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A compound containing carbon and hydrogen.
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Acetone
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AKA Dimethyl Ketone. It is found in accessory embalming chemicals, external sealing composition, lip tint, solvents and sealants. Molecular formula is C₃H₆O
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C₃H₆O
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Acetone. AKA Dimethyl Ketone
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Alcohols
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Organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (e.g. ₋OH) groups. Used as a preservative, germicide and anti-polymerizing agent for aldehydes. Molecular formula is R₋OH
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R₋OH
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Alcohols
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Aldehydes
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Organic compounds containing one or more ₋CHO groups. Used as a preservative. Generic molecular formula O=CxHx
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O=CxHx
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Aldehydes
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Dialdehyde
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AKA Glutaraldehyde. An organic compound containing two aldehyde (₋CHO) radicals. Used commonly as a preservative. Example = Glyoxal. Molecular formula (CHO)₂
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CHO₂
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Dialdehyde
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Amines
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Organic compounds containing nitrogen; any compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic radicals. Products of decomposition. General molecular formula for primary amines is R₋NH₂
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R₋NH₂
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Amines
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Ester
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AKA Methyl Salicylate. A compound with the general formula RCOOR', where R is a hydrocarbon group or a hydrogen, and R' is a hydrocarbon group. It is formed from an alcohol and organic acid by removal of water. Used as a perfuming agent.
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RCOOR'
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Ester. AKA Methyl Salicylate
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Formaldehyde
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AKA Methanal. A gas that is used as a preservative which may be dissolved in liquids, solids or gels. Molecular formula CH₂O.
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CH₂O
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Formaldehyde AKA Methanal
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Formaldehyde Demand
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(Glutaraldehyde Demand) The amount of formaldehyde necessary to overcome any nitrogen residue and cause the body proteins to become coagulated.
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Formalin
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Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water 37% by weight and 40% by volume.
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Ketones
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Any class of organic compounds containing C=O and whose carbon atom is joined to two other carbon atoms. C=O occurs within the carbon chain. C=O is a chemical group composed of one carbon atom double bonded to oxygen. May be used as solvents but can be corrosive to some plastics.
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C=O
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Carbonyl group
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Phenol
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Derivatives of benzene and contain one or more hydroxyls (₋OH).
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Benzene
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A carbon ring that has alternating double bonds. Molecular formula C₆H₆
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C₆H₆
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Benzene
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Aromatic
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A compound containing one or more benzene rings.
