question

medical model

answer

proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease, let to more humane treatment

question

what is abnormal behavior?

answer

deviant, maladaptive and personal distress

question

deviant

answer

the behavior deviates from what considers to be normal; may vary from culture to culture

question

maladaptive behavior

answer

impairments of everyday behavior, like using drugs, alcohol, cocaine, when it interferes with a person's social or occupational functioning

question

personal distress

answer

subjective pain and suffering, depression or anxiety

question

epidemiology

answer

the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in population

question

prevalence

answer

the percentage of the population that exhibits a disorder during a specified period of time

question

lifetime prevalence

answer

the percent of people that will endura a specific disorder at any time during their lives

question

negative stereotypes

answer

1. psychological disorders are incurable 2. people with psychological disorders are dangerous 3. epopel with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways

question

Psychodiagnosis

answer

classification of disorders, American psychiatric association, 5 axis

question

anxiety disorders

answer

the class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

question

generalized anxiety disorder

answer

free-floating anxiety, not tied to a particular threat physical symptoms, more prevalent in women, onset 5%

question

phobic disorder

answer

marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger, affects daily behavior, only when serious matter usually mild, accompanied by physical symptoms of anxiety, trembling or palpitations

question

panic disorder

answer

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly, physical symptoms of anxiety

question

obsessive compulsive disorder

answer

marked by uncontrolled intrusion of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)

question

agoraphobia

answer

fear of going out in public places

question

post traumatic stress disorder

answer

involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of major traumatic event, women experience more than men, nightmares, flashbacks, intensity of one's reaction at the time of the traumatic event

question

concordance rate

answer

indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

question

biological factors of anxiety

answer

1) twin studies say there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders, inherited differences in temperament make people more vulnerable than others to anxiety disorders, inhibited temperament characterized by shyness, timidity, wariness, strong genetic basis 2) anxiety sensitivity may make people more vulnerable to anxiety disorders, highly sensitive, overreact with fear, neurotransmitters , therapeutic drugs appear to alter activity at GABA synapses , abnormalities in neural circuits using serotonin implicated in PTSD and panic and OCD

question

Mowrer

answer

anxiety responses can be acquired though classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning, originally neutral stimulus, paired with a frightening event, becomes conditioned stimulus eliciting anxiety. once fear is acquired though classical conditioning, person may start avoiding anxiety-producing stimulus, avoidance response is negatively reinforced because it is followed by a reduction in anxiety, process involves operant conditioning

question

Martin Selgiman

answer

preparedness, people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears easier than others, explains why people develop phobias of ancient sources of threat like snakes and spiders, much more readily than modern sources of threat like hot irons or electrical outlets

question

evolved module for fear learning

answer

automatically activated by stimuli related to past survival threats in evolutionary history and is relatively resistant to intentional efforts to suppress resulting fears

question

phobic stimulus problems

answer

people with phobias cant recall or traumatic conditioning experience that led to their phobia, trying to find larger role for cognitive factors

question

cognitive factors

answer

people more likely to suffer with anxiety 1) tend to misinterpret harmless situations as threatening 2) focus excessive attention on perceived threats 3) selectively recall information that seems threatening. when subjects were asked to interpret a statement, anxious people interpreted it as threatening and nonanxious subjects interpreted in less threatening way

question

stress

answer

people with panic disorders had experienced a dramatic increase in stress in a month prior to disorder, stress and anxiety disorders are positively associated

question

somatoform disorders

answer

are physical ailments that cannot me fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors

question

somatization disorder

answer

marked by history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin, mostly in women and coexists with depression and anxiety, have long and complicated history of medical treatment, distinguishing feature, diversity of victims' physical complaints, the patients are very resistant to suggestion that their symptoms are result of physchological distress

question

conversion disorder

answer

characterized by a significant loss of physical function usually in a single organ system, symptoms include partial or complete loss of vision, hearing, paralysis, troubled by more severe ailments than people with somatization disorder, acute onset triggered by stress

question

hypochondriasis

answer

characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illness, dont have real illness, skeptical and disbelieving, overinterpret every sign of illness, happens with anxiety disorders and depression

question

Etiology of somatofrom disorder

answer

function of personality and learning

question

personality factors

answer

people with histrionic personality characteristic, self-centered, suggestible, excitable, highly emotional, overly dramatic, trait of neuroticism seems to elevate individuals susceptibility to somatoform disorders, pathological care-seeking behavior see in these disorders, caused by insecure attachment styles

question

cognitive factors

answer

people focus excessive attention on internal physiological processes and amplify normal bodily sensations into symptom of distress, lead them to pursue unnecessary medical treatment, faulty standard of good health

question

sick role factors

answer

physical symptoms reinforced by indirect beliefs derived from their illness, avoid life problems, provide an convenient excuse when people fail, attention from others

question

dissociative identity disorder

answer

involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually different personalities, multiple personality disorder, have more than one identity, unaware of each other, people usually have a history

question

dissociative disorders

answer

class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

question

dissociative amnesia

answer

sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting, after people have experienced disasters, accidents, stress, abuse

question

dissociative fugue

answer

people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity, forget name, address but remember how to drive and do math

question

etiology of dissociative disorders

answer

psychogenic amnesia and fugue attributed to excessive stress, certain personality trains, fantasy, intensely absorbed in personal experiences, more susceptible to dissociative disorders, believe people with multiple personalities are engaging in intentional role playing to use mental illness-face saving excuse for personal feelings

question

mood disorders

answer

class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social and thought processes, episodic

question

unipolar disorder

answer

experience emotional extremes at just one end of the mood continuum, troubled only by depression

question

bipolar disorder

answer

vulnerable to emotional extremes at both ends of the mood continuum, periods of depression and mania (excitement and elation)

question

major depressive disorder

answer

people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure, negative emotions form the heart of the depressive syndrome

question

dysthymic disorder

answer

consists of chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of a major depressive episode

question

bipolar disorder

answer

characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression, manic periods, self esteem goes way up, hyperactive

question

cyclothymic disorder

answer

exhibit chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance

question

etiology of mood disorders

answer

psychological and biological factors

question

genetic vulnerability

answer

twin studies show that genetic factors are involved in mood disorders, hereditary can create a predisposition to mood disorders, environmental factors determine whether this predisposition is converted into an actual disorder, influence of genetic factors appears to be stronger for bipolar disorders than for unipolar disorders

question

neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors

answer

heredity may influence susceptibility to mood disorders by creating a predisposition toward types of neurochemical abnormalities in brain, correlation between mood disorders and abnormal levels of 2 neurotransmitters in brain, norepinephrine and serotonin, low levels of serotonin underlying depression, correlation between depression and reduced hippocampal volume, depression occurs when major life stress causes neurochemical reactions that suppress neurogenesis, reduced hippocampal volume

question

cognitive factors

answer

Martin Seligman-depression is caused by learned helplesness, giving up behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events, originally considered learned helplessness to be a product of conditioning but revised it with cognitive, pessimistics explanatory style are vulnerable to depression, people who ruminate depression remain depressed longer, NEGATIVE THINKING , negative thinking and depression are linked could be caused by neurochemical changes in brain

question

interpersonal roots

answer

depression-prone people lack social skills, lead to negative emotions and depression, lack of social support, depressed people are depressing

question

precipitating stress

answer

stress creates mood disorders, stress affects how people with mood disorders respond to treatment and whether they relapse or not, people vary in vulnerability to mood disorders

question

schizophrenic disorders

answer

are a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

question

symptoms of schizophrenia

answer

hears voices, argumentative, aggressive, emotionally volatile, personal hygiene deteriorates,

question

symptoms-delusions

answer

false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality, person's train of thought deteriorates, noticeable deterioration in the quality of a person's routine functioning

question

symptoms-hallucinations

answer

are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input, hear voices, some victims show little emotional responsiveness, a symptom referred to as flat affect, show inappropriate emotional responses that don't go with the situation

question

four types of of schizophrenic disorders

answer

paranoid type, catatonic type, disorganized type, undifferentiated type

question

paranoid type

answer

dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur, many enemies, feel like they are being watched and manipulated, believe that must be enormously important people, seeing themselves as great inventors

question

catatonic type

answer

is marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity, remain virtually motionless and oblivious to the environment, others catatonic excitement, hyperactive, not common

question

disorganized type

answer

a particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior is seen, emotional indifference, frequent incoherence, complete social withdrawal, delusions center on bodily functions

question

undifferentiated type

answer

which is marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms

question

negative symptoms

answer

involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech

question

positive symptoms

answer

involve the behavioral excesses of peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas

question

etiology of schizophrenia

answer

genetic vulnerability, neurochemical factors, structural abnormalities, neurodevelopmental hypothesis, expressed emotions, precipitating stress

question

genetic vulnerability

answer

twins concordance rates higher for identical twins, child born to 2 parents more likely, inherit a polygenically transmitted vulnerability to schizophrenia

question

neurochemical factors

answer

changes in activity of one or more neurotransmitters in the brain, dopamine hypothesis asserts that excess dopamine activity is the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia, weed used in teens, leads to schizophrenia, amplify neurotransmitter activity in dopamine circuits

question

structural abnormalities in brain

answer

deficits in attention, perception and information processing, impairments in short-term memory are prominent, association between enlarged brain ventricles, reflect degeneration of nearby brain tissue, could be consequence of schizophrenia or cause of the illness

question

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

answer

is caused in part by various disruptions in various normal maturational processes of the brain before or at birth, caused by viral infections or malnutrition, minor physical anomalies, would be consistent with prenatal neurological damage

question

expressed emotion

answer

is the degree to which a relative of a patient displays high critical or emotionally over involved attitudes toward patient,high levels of emotion foster high relapse rates for patients suffering mood and anxiety disorders

question

precipitating stress

answer

biological and psychological factors influence individuals' vulnerability, high stress lead to schizophrenic

question

personality disorder

answer

class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

question

diagnostic problems

answer

categorical approach- describe personality disorders which assumes people can reliably be placed in discontinuous diagnostic categories, dimensional approach, describe personality disorders in terms of how people score on a limited number of continuous personality dimensions

question

antisocial personality disorder

answer

marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms, more common in males, lead to crimes, maybe high status people, rarely experience affection ,promiscuous, irresponsible

question

etiology of antisocial personality disorder

answer

biological factors, genetic predisposition, over arousal promotes antisocial disorder, house is erratic, ineffective

question

insanity

answer

legal status that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness, M'nagthen rule-insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong, criminal proceedings

question

involuntary commitment

answer

people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will, civil proceedings, mental health professionals 1)dangerous to themselves 2)dangerous to others 3)in need of treatment, can authorize temporary commitment

question

diagnosis

answer

involves distinguishing one illness from another

question

etiology

answer

refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

question

prognosis

answer

a forecast about the probable course of illness

question

psychosomatic disease

answer

genuine physical ailments caused by psychological factors

Psych Chapter 14 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards