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Anabolism

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The process of building up complex substances from simpler substances (ex: building up cells & cellular components)

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Catabolism

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The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substance to release energy (ex: digestion of food)

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Metabolism

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Anabolism + Catabolism

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Enzymes

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Protein molecules that function as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body

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Substrate

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Reactants in the enzymatic reaction, this is what an enzyme attaches to

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Activation Energy

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The energy required to start the reaction

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Properties of Enzymes

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-Protein -Do not make anything happen that wasn't already going to happen, they just speed it up -Not used up in reactions -Only needed in small amounts -Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate -Enzymes chemically recognize, bind, and modify substrates

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Induced Fit Model

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An interaction between the enzyme and substrate induces or changes the shape of the molecules to make a suuitable fit

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Degradation

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The substrate is broken down into smaller products

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Synthesis

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The substrates are combined to make a larger product

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Lock and Key Model

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The substrate molecule has a specific 3D shape that allows it to fit into the specific 3D shape of and enzyme's active site

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Active Site

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The region on the enzyme where the substrate attaches; the shape of the active site determines which substrates the enzyme can bind

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How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?

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Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

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How temperature affects an enzyme's function?

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a. As temp. increases, kinetic energy increases and molecules are moving more, increasing the likelihood that enzyme and substrate molecules will "bump into" each other, bind, and react. Therefore, initially enzyme reaction rate increases with an increase in temp. b. If it gets too hot, the enzyme becomes denatured as the heat cooks the protein. Once its denatured, the enzyme's 3D structure breaks down and becomes misfolded, and the active site changes and the enzyme can't bind to the substrate and there fore can't function. At higher temps, the enzyme's reaction rate decreases sharply. c. The optimal temp for an enzyme is the temp where the enzyme works best, and the rate of chemical reaction of highest. That temp is your body temp, 98.6 degrees F (37 degrees C)

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How pH (a measure of acidity) affects an enzyme's function

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a. Enzymes are extremely sensitive to changes in acidity b. Each enzyme works within quite a narrow pH range c. Changes in pH can make and break chemical bonds within the enzyme, changing the shape of the enzyme and, therefore, it effectiveness. If the pH is too low (too acidic) or too high (too basic), the enzyme becomes denatured: the chemical bonds in the enzyme are rearranges and the enzyme becomes misfolded. AS the enzymes shape changes, the 3D shape of its active site changes and the active site can't bind to the substrate anymore. Therefore, the enzyme can't function anymore and the reaction rate decreases sharply d. Optimal pH for an enzyme is the pH where the enzyme works best, and the rate of reaction is highest, whic is typically around 8 for your body e. Trends: -Acidic pH: pH7

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How concentration of Enzyme/Substrate affects an enzyme's function

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When enzyme concentration is low, the reaction is slower. As enzyme concentration increases, the reaction is faster up to a point when the amount of substrate available becomes limiting. Similarly, when substrate concentration is low, the reaction is slower. As substrate concentration increases, the reaction is faster up to a point when the amount of enzyme available becomes limiting.

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What does "organic" mean?

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Has carbon and hydrogen in it.

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What is it about Carbon's atomic structure that makes it "the building block of life"?

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Carbon likes to bond with other atoms (CHONPS)

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Functional Group

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A group of atoms that give a molecule its properties/characteristics

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The four different types of organic molecules

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-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids

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Monomer

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Individual repeating units

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Polymer

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Many monomers joined together

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Making polymers - Dehydration/Synthesis

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Water removed to join monomers together

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Breaking polymers - Hydrolysis

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Water attaches to polymer and breaks it into smaller units

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3 elements that make up a carbohydrate

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-monosaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides

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What is the ratio of these elements to one another?

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1:2:1

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If a carbohydrate had 8 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen and oxygen atoms would this carb have?

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Hydrogen: 4 Oxygen: 2

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Function of carbs

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Fast /quick energy

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4 main types of lipids

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fats/oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids

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Main function of lipids

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Long term energy

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Unsaturated fats

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Have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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Saturated fats

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Have fatty acids where all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds (SSS- saturated single solid)

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Phospholipids

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Contain a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid tails

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Monomer of a nucleic acid is called this

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Nucleotide

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Polymers of a nucleic acid and their functions (there are 2 polymers)

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1. DNA: store genetic info 2. RNA: protein production

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The 3 parts of a DNA nucleootide

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1. A sugar 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogen base

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The monomer of a protein is called an:

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Amino acid

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The polymer and its function:

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Protein: hormones, defense, transport, enzymes, motion, support

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What type of bond forms between amino acids

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Peptide bonds

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Another word for protein

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Polypeptides

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How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms?

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20

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The ____________ of amino acids determines the type of protein made. Even one incorrect amino acid placement can change a protein's _________ and ___________.

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Sequence, structure, function

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Primary structure of a protein's structure

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Sequence of amino acids

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Secondary structure of a protein's structure

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Coiling/folding

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Tertiary structure of a protein's structure

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3D shape of a polypeptide (protein)

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Quaternary structure of a protein's structure

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2 or more proteins interacting

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Identifying a chemical compound

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1. all organic compounds contain carbon. Most inorganic don't. Carbon dioxide is the exception 2. In carbohydrate molecules, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 3. In lipids, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is >2:1 (greater than) 4. In proteins, an amino group -NH2 and an organic acid group -COOH are present.

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Polysaccharide

answer

-Polymers of monosaccharides -Energy storage moleclues

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Monosaccharide

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Consisting of only a single sugar molecule, called simple sugars.

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Disacchairde

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Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction

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Plants store glucose as ______, and animals store glucose as ______.

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Starch, glycogen

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Glycerol

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A compound with 3 -OH groups. The -OH groups are polar, and therefore, glycerol is soluble in water

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Peptide

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two or more amino acids bonded together

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Polypeptide

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a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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Amino acid

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One of these groups within an amino acid is an -NH2 (amino group) and another is -COOH (acid group). The third group is called an "R" group

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Denatured

answer

when a protein loses its natural shape

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Nucleic Acids

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Polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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nucleic acid that the body uses as energy

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Ribozymes

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made of RNA instead of proteins

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metabolic pathway

answer

a series of linked reactions

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Enzyme inhibition

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occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

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noncompetitive inhibition

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when the inhibitor binds to a place on the enzyme that's not the active site

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competitive inhibition

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occurs when an inhibitor and a substrate compete for the active site

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A fat molecule is composed of _______ and 3 fatty acids

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Glycerol

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Unsaturated fats have contain more ______ bonds than saturated fats

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Double

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Phospholipids have a ________ and ____ fatty acid tails

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Phosphate group, 2

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Animal fats are said to be ________

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Saturated

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Female and male sex hormones are examples of ________

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Steroids

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Lipids function in _____________ energy storage

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Long term

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a ______ is similar to a fat but found in the cell membranes

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phospholipid

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_____ is a steroid in the cell membrane

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Cholesterol

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Lipids are water avoiding or __________

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Hydrophobic

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Fats that are solid at room temperature have ______ bonds

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Single

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Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and __________

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3 fatty acid tails

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Nucleotides

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Monomers of nucleic acids

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Nitrogenous Base

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One of the components of a nucleotide, next to a sugar and phosphate

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DNA

answer

passed down from parent to offspring, stores genetic information

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RNA

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responsible for protein production in a cell

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Cells must produce many different enzymes because...

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most cellular reactions require specific, unique enzymes

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An enzyme is specific. This means ______________

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it speeds up particular chemical reactions

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A molecule that has the same shape as the substrate of an enzyme would tend to

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slow metabolism by blocking the enzyme's active site

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How does glucose differ from sucrose, cellulose and starch?

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It is a monosaccharide

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Cellulose is a _____ made up of many _______.

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Polymer, glucose molecules

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A flowers color is determined by the genetic instructions in its

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Nucleic acid

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Which two of the four organic compounds (Lipid, Carbs, Nucleic Acid, Protein) are both large polymers?

answer

Protein and nucleic acid

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Rank these molecules in order from smallest to largest and then largest to smallest. (Glucose, sucrose, water, and protein)

answer

water, sucrose, glucose, protein Protein, glucose, sucrose, water

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Certain fats are said to be essential because the body cannot make them itself; they must be obtained in the diet. If your diet were deficient in these essential fatty acids, you would not be able to make ________.

answer

fats

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Glucose and hexanoic acid each contain six carbon atoms, but they have completely different properties. Glucose is necessary in food; hexanonic acid is poisonous. Their differences must be due to different _____________.

answer

functional groups

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Hydrolysis of a protein would produce _________.

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Amino acids

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Specific enzymes in your intestines enable you to break down starch and use the glucose molecules produced by this process. But you cannot break down cellulose. Explain why

answer

We make enzymes with active sites that bind to starch to break it down. We do not make enzymes with active sites to bind with cellulose so we cannot digest it.

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Most enzyme-catalyzed reactions in humans occur most readily around body temperature, 37oC. Why do these reactions slow down at lower temperatures? Why do they slow down at high temperatures?

answer

At low temps, molecules move slowly so collisions between enzyme and substrate are less frequent. At high temps, enzymes denature (change shape) and do not function.

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Briefly explain why all starch molecules are the same but there are millions of kinds of proteins.

answer

Starch is a polymer of glucose, which are all alike. Proteins are composed of various combinations of 20 different amino acids, giving more variety.

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Which pair are both structural carbohydrate molecules?

answer

Cellulose and chitin

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The reactivity of a organic molecule is primarily dependent on the __________ of the molecule

answer

Attached functional groups

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The R group of an amino acid does what?

answer

It gives the amino acid its properties

question

Glucose

answer

A monomer of a carbohydrate that is a simple sugar

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Starch

answer

A polymer of a carbohydrate that is found in plants and is used for energy storage

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Glycogen

answer

A polymer of a carbohydrate that is found in animals and is used for energy storage

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Cellulose

answer

A polymer of a carbohydrate that is found in everything plant-based and it is a structural polymer

question

Chitin

answer

A polymer of a carbohydrate that is found in everything animal-based and is used for medical purposes and it is a structural polymer

Unit 2 – Biochemistry – Flashcards

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