IB Biology Biochemistry – Flashcards
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Adhesion
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an attraction between different substances; water attracted to other substances
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Anion
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Ion with a negative charge that has gained an electron
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Atom
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The basic particle from which all elements are made
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Calcium
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A mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions
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Capillary Action
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tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
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Carbohydrate
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an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
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Carbon
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a naturally abundant nonmetallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds
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Carboxyl
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an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group- carboxylic acid
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Cation
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Ion with a positive charge that has lost electrons
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Cellulose
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a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
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Chemical Bond
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the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
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Chemical Formula
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a formula that gives the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms
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Chitin
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complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
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Cholesterol
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A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
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Cis-
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The isomer in which the substituents are on the same side of the double bond.
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Cohesion
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Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Condensation Reaction
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A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
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Covalent Bond
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a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
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Dehydration Synthesis
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a chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together
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Deoxyribose
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the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.
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Disaccharide
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A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
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Electron
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a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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Element
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any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
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Fatty Acid
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A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat
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Fructose
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an isomer of glucose; it has the same chemical formula (C6 H12 O6) but its atoms are arranged differently
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Glucose
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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
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Glycerol
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Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.
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Glycogen
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An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
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Hydrocarbon
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an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
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Hydrogen
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Weak bonds between the 2 DNA strands.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
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Hydrolysis Reaction
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Reaction in which a covalent bond between two subunits is broken through the addition of the equivalent of a water molecule; a hydrogen atom is added to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other.
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Hydrophilic
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Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water.
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Hydrophobic
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Repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water.
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Inorganic
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Chemical substances that lack carbon and hydrogen
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Ionic Bond
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a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion
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Iron
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helps red blood cells carry oxygen
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Isomer
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compounds with the same simple formula but different three-dimensional structures resulting in different physical and chemical properties
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Lactose
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a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule
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Lipid
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macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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Macromolecule
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A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Maltose
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A disaccharide made of glucose + glucose.
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Matter
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that which has mass and occupies space
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Monomer
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The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
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Monosaccharide
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a simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate
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Neutron
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A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Nitrogen
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protein synthesis requires it and sulfur. DNA, RNA, ATP require it and phosphorus.
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Non-Polar
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a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal
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Nucleic Acid
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Macromolecule containing hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
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Organic
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compounds that contain carbon
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Oxygen
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A waste gas produced by plants during photosynthesis which is used by all the plants and animals during cellular respiration.
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Phosphate Group
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A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.
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Phospholipid
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A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
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Phosphorous
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2nd most abundant mineral. maintains acid base balance of cellular fluids. part of each cells' DNA and RNA. essential for growth and renewal of tissues.
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Polar
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having a pair of equal and opposite charges
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Polymer
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A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
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Polysaccharide
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any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
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Protein
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macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
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Proton
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A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Ribose
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the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA
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Saturated
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fats with the maximum number of hydrogens
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Sodium
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maintains cell fluids; helps nerves communicate
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Solute
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substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
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Solvent
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Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
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Specific Heat
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the amount of heat that must be absorbed lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree
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Starch
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polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers
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Sterol
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A type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids; cholesterol is the most commonly known of these lipids.
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Sucrose
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a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent glucose and fructose
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Sulfur
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a mineral present in the body as part of some proteins.
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Surface Tension
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a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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Trace Element
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an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes
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Trans
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across, through
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Transparent
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describes matter that allows light to pass through with little interference
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Triglyceride
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3 fatty acids (chains of hydrocarbons) bonded to a glycerol, most fats are eaten and absorbed in this form, carbohydrate
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Unsaturated
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having less than the maximum number of hydrogens, like fatty acids and fats with double bonds
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Water
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Universal Solvent (more things disolve in this than anything)
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Wax
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a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain
