COPY: CHLD 252 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Between now and 2050, the increase in population of the United States will be nearly entirely caused by what?
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Immigration
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S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to the historical traditions of thri culture. S. lives in a(n) ______________ culture.
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traditional
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A. and W. are brothers and work together. A. owns a cleaning business, and his brother W. helps when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) ______________________ culture.
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collectivistic
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Dr. Wu is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of his participants. His measure of SES will most likely include which of the following?
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Income level, education level, and occupational status
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Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents' native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Japanese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her ________________________.
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ethnicity
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Unlike earlier hominids, Homo sapiens had _______________________.
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Smaller teeth and jaws
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Which of the following statements best describes the effects of natural selection?
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Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
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The dramatic change in the development of the human species that took place during the Upper Paleolithic period was that, for the first time, ____________________________.
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art appeared
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Dr. Jenks is interested in how mate selection is shaped by our evolutionary history. She most likely considers herself a(n) ___________________________.
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evolutionary psychologist
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Which of the following is true? a. there are fewer than 10 cultures around the would today b. biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens c. we are a species that originated in South Asia d. the development of larger brains enabled our species to be capable of altering our environment
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d. the development of larger brains enabled our species to be capable of altering our environment
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According to Freud ___________________________.
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everything important in development happened before adulthood
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Bram does not ever want to get married. The idea of a lifetime commitment makes him anxious and uncomfortable, and any time a girlfriend brings up the subject of marriage, he breaks up with her. According to Erikson, Bram will not successfully resolve the ________________ crisis.
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Intimacy versus isolation
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A teacher takes away 1 minute of recess time when a child misbehaves in class. Taking away recess time is an example for ________________.
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punishment
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Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term of "schemes"?
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Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information
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According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ________________________.
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Within the zone of proximal development
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Which of the following is analogous to, and was the model for, the information processing approach?
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The computer
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Belinda's parents are divorced, but they work together to be sure that they have open lines of communication with their daughter's teacher and attend as many school functions as possible. The strong interconnection between Belinda's parents and the various aspects of her school is an example of the _______________________________.
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mesosystem
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In Weisner's ecocultural theory, the focus is on __________________________.
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aspects of the everyday interactions in settings that affect development
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In activity settings analysis, noticing who eats first would be focusing on which aspect of the framework?
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Personnel
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Which statement concerning the developmental period known as "emerging adulthood" is most accurate according to Arnett?
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It is a life stage in which most people have not yet made commitments to the stable roles of love and work that structure adult life for most people
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Dr. Kim decided to conduct interviews with middle school children rather than administering questionnaires because she wanted to hear from them in their own words. Her use of interviews is an example of __________________________.
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the research method
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Even though Dr. Hernandez is not administering drugs but merely asking adolescents questions about various drugs, she still needs to submit her proposal to the ________________________________ to prevent potential ethical violations.
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Institutional Review Board
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Hypotheses refer to ______________________________.
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forming a possible answer to a research question
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When Dr. McIntyre conducted her research with elementary and middle school students, rather than having a space for a name, students were asked to come up with a password and write it on the top of their questionnaire packet. This was done to ensure _________________________________.
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confidentiality
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Shaleen is a student in an intro psych class and is participating in a study at her university. Which of the following is likely to happen first? a. her demographic data will be analyzed b. she will be debriefed so that she can decide whether she wants to participate c. she will sign a consent form d. she will answer questions in a questionnaire booklet
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c. she will sign a consent form
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For his post-doctorate research, Yani plans to study human development among indigenous cultures in the mountains of Peru. He plans to move to Peru to integrate with his study subjects, make social connections with them, and observe their daily life up close. Which type of research method is he using?
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Ethnographic research
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding research methods?
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The main drawback of the experimental method is that the findings may not generalise in real-life settings
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Bernice is planning to conduct a cross-sectional study for her dissertation. Which of the following is a limitation that she and her advisor discuss before she begins to collect her data?
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Age differences may not be due to cohort differences.
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You are interested in studying the potential changes in intelligence over the lifespan. You have selected 250 people who are currently 2 yrs old and you plan to assess them every 5 years for 40 years. What type of study are you planning to conduct?
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Longitudinal
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What type of correlation describes the situation in which the more hours spent sitting or in sedentary activity on the job, the higher the person's body mass index (BMI)?
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A positive correlation
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Cultures in developing countries tend to be ________________________ whereas cultures in developed countries tend to be _______________________________.
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collectivistic; individualistic
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Rashmi lives in Delhi, an urban metropolis in India. Chami lives in Bihar, a rural town in India. Natalie lives in Houston, and urban metropolis in the US. In terms of education, income, and health care, which two girls are more alike?
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Rashmi and Natalie
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Which of the following is true about minority and majority cultures within countries of the world?
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Some ethnic minority groups arise as a result of immigration
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Which option best describes the main reason for the rise of hunter-gatherer societies?
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Human infants had a longer period of dependency on their mothers
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Which is the accurate order in which human cultural events happened?
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Art production and trade between groups, farming, and domestication of animals, specialization of work
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Which of the following is NOT a cultural adaptation to the environment?
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Tibetan highlanders are born with higher levels of oxygen in their blood to counteract the lower levels of oxygen at high elevations.
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According to Erikson, the driving force behind human development is ______________________________.
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the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment
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Hakim is in high school and is trying to decide whether he wants to go to college, and what career he will eventually have. What stage would Erikson say Hakim is in?
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Identity versus identity confusion
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
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Owen wakes up faster in the morning now that his mother brought him a really annoying alarm clock
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Piaget believed the driving force behind development was _________________________________.
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maturation
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Which of the following is an example of Vygotsky's idea of scaffolding?
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Jesse watches his dad fold the laundry. One day, his dad asks for his help matching up the socks. A few weeks later, he shows him how to fold shirts. Six months later, Jesse is folding all the family's laundry.
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According to information-processing theorists, which of the following is NOT a component of the thinking process? a. processing b. attention c. memory d. conservation
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d. conservation
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Which of the following is an example of an exosystem in 10-year-old Lucy's life, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? a. Lucy lives in an apartment with her mother, grandmother, and brother b. There are many more occupations available to women than there were a century ago c. Lucy's mother recently got a better job, which means they have better health insurance now. d. Lucy lives in America, which has a strong cultural belief in freedom.
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c. Lucy's mother recently got a better job, which means they have better health insurance now.
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What is NOT one of the features of the activity setting? a. normative scripts b. the personnel present c. the researcher's own beliefs d. tasks to be accomplished
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c. the researcher's own beliefs
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In Weisner's theory, the child ____________________________ in development.
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plays an active role
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for the new life stage of "emerging adulthood" in developed countries? a. People are generally in better health b. The average age of parenthood has risen c. The average age of marriage has risen d. More people are continuing their education past high school
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a. People are generally in better health
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Dr. Aktar is designing a new study. She has done a thorough literature search and comes up with several hypotheses. What is her next step in the scientific process?
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She must choose a research method and research design.
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What does the term "peer-reviewed" mean in regards to journal articles?
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An editor sends out the manuscript to other experts in the field, who offer feedback.
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Emily is a graduate student in developmental psychology who is interested in the ways adolescents help each other cheat in school. She designs a study in which she brings several adolescents into a room, has them sign consent forms, gives them a difficult math exam, and says, "We want to see how many problems you can solve." She then leaves the room, but continues to monitor them through a hidden camera in the room. At the end of the study, she thanks them for their time and gives them a small gift card for their participation. What ethical guideline has she clearly violated?
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Deception and debriefing
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When presenting his research findings at an annual conference, Dr. Niemi tells an anecdote about his favorite participant, Kari Flynn, and uses her name. What ethical guideline has she violated?
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Confidentiality
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Tracey has IRB approval to run her study with oreschoolders and has all materials ready to go. What should her next step be?
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She needs the parents to sign consent forms for the children
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Dr. Bellanca is designing a study to measure the effect of a friendship intervention on bullying in middle school. Group A receives extra classes in an unrelated topic, Group B receives extra classes on friendship once a month, and Group C receives extra classes on friendship once a week. She hypothesizes that Group C will show the greatest reduction in bullying. What is the independent variable in this study?
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The frequency of intervention
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Dr. Bellanca is designing a study to measure the effect of a friendship intervention on bullying in middle school. Group A receives extra classes in an unrelated topic, Group B receives extra classes on friendship once a month, and Group C receives extra classes on friendship once a week. She hypothesizes that Group C will show the greatest reduction in bullying. What is the control group in this study?
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Group A
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______________________________________ refers to the consistency of measures, whereas _________________________________ refers to the truthfulness of a measure.
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Reliability; validity
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What is a disadvantage of longitudinal research?
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People are likely to drop out, so the sample size can be greatly reduced.
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Enrico's biological parents were both musicians, so he was born with a(n) _________________________ that included exceptional musical ability, but because he was never exposed to musical instruments or instruction when he was adopted, he never developed his musical ability.
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Genotype
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The physical, behavioral, and psychological features of a person that are the result of the interaction between one's genes and the environment are part of the _______________________.
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Phenotype
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Most physical psychological traits are _____________________________.
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Polygenic
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Sadie carries the recessive gene for hemophilia, a disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. If Sadie had two children, a boy and a girl, and passed the recessive gene for the disorder to both children, which of her children would develop hemophilia if the father does not have hemophilia himself?
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The boy
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Which of the following is TRUE? a. The X chromosome and Y chromosome carry the same amount of genetic material b. All sperm carry a Y chromosome c. The Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome d. All eggs in the mother contain an X chromosome
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d. All eggs in the mother contain an X chromosome
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The heritability of intelligence __________________________ from childhood to adulthood.
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increases
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The higher the concordance rate, ___________________________.
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the more similar the two persons are
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Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11 to 16, toward the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and toward the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of ____________________________.
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epigenesis
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In recent decades in Western countries, there has been little change in average height, indicating that the populations of these countries have reached the upper boundary of_______________________________ for height.
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their reaction range
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A toddler from the Hamer tribe in Ethiopia was adopted by an American couple who described themselves as "non-athletes". This tribe was known for having members who are exceptionally tall. Once she started school, she asked to play in the after-school basketball program, tried out for the team in middle school and high school and eventually went on to earn a scholarship to play in college. This is an example of __________________________________.
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niche picking
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As a result of the process of crossing over ______________________________________________.
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the genetic material that originated form the mother and father si rearranged
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The __________________________ is formed when the ovum and sperm unite and fertilization takes place.
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zygote
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Fertilization can take place only _______________________________.
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in the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube
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In general, __________________________ have the highest rates of DZ twins.
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African Americans
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Shonda and Trinity have been a couple for eight years, and they are now excited to take the leap into parenthood together. Because they are both women, they have decied to use ___________________________, which would involve injecting a donor's sperm into Shonda's uterus while she is ovulating.
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artificial insemination
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After fertilization, the first 2 weeks of pregnancy is called the ________________________________.
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germinal period
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The blastocyst forms during the ______________________________.
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germinal period
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The _______________________________ form from the outer layer of the embryonic disk.
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skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, nervous system
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During the _____________________________ period of prenatal development nearly all the major organs are formed.
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embryonic
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Maddox, a baby born 6 weeks prematurely, is more at risk of not surviving than his sister, Shekia, who was born full term because Maddox's ____________________________ is/are still immature
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lungs
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Melinda is a healthy woman who just found out she was pregnant and went for her first prenatal visit. What piece of advice is she likely to receive from her physician?
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Eat foods with sufficient iodine.
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Your sister is pregnant. She has always been health conscious and exercises regularly. She is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise by continuing to go to her exercise classes. According to most physicians, she should ______________________________.
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exercise regularly as she will stimulate the circulatory system and muscles
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The common teratogen worldwide is __________________________.
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malnutrition
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Marie is a heavy drinker and managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the ______________________________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage.
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embryonic
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It is January 1989 in Beijing, China, and Huang Jiao have just married. They want to conceive a child as soon as possible, as most newly married Chinese couples do. Considering it is the middle of the winter, and fruits and vegetables are not readilt available, what important nurtient in Huang's prenatal diet is likely to be missing, potentially causing her child to be born with spina bifida?
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Folic acid
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Julie is a 27-year-old college professor who was shocked to find out she was pregnant. Although she was elated at the idea of having another child, she was worried about having a child with _________________________ because the chances increase dramatically after age 45.
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Down syndrome
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding people with Down syndrome?
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They age faster than other people
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There are 2 main types of chromosomal disorders, those that take place on the 21st pair of chromosomes and those that _______________________________.
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involve the sex chromosomes
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Errol's father carries two recessive genes for sickle-cell anemia, and Errol's mother carries two normal dominant genes. Therefore, Errol has inherited ______________________________ from his parents.
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a resistance to malaria
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Individuals of ______________________________ descent are most likely to have sickle-cell anemia.
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African
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Which of the following is safest in terms of risk of miscarriage?
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Ultrasound
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Carissa has a family history of Down syndrome and is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any other genetic abnormality. What test is she likely to get?
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Chorionic villus sampling
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Chorionic villus sampling __________________________________________.
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is conducted with cells that are forming the umbilical cord
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A couple comes to your genetic counseling clinic concerned that they might have a second child affected with the same X-linked recessive disease displayed by their son. Neither of the parents displays the trait. What do you tell them?
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They have a chance of having another affected son.
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Genetic counseling is sought by _____________________________.
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-couples of any age who have a family history of genetic issues -couples before they try to conceive -couples who are over age 40
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For hair texture, curly is the dominant allele and straight hair is the recessive allele. Arabella has straight hair. Her mother has curly hair and her father has straight hair. Which of the following is a possibility for the combination of alleles she might have inherited from her parents?
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A straight allele from her curly-haired mother and a straight allele from her straight-haired father
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_______________________________ are at greater risk for X-linked recessive disorders because they have __________________________________.
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Males; only one X chromosome
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Dr. Meyers is a behavioral geneticist. She is investigating whether school achievement has a genetic component. Which of the following scenarios would indicate to her that there is a large genetic component?
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Monozygotic twins show greater similarities in school achievement than dizygotic twins
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Which of the following is the best illustration of epigenesis?
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Females who are under-nourished start menstruating later than females who are properly nourished
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Ever since he was little, Zachary has been fascinated with what his mother is cooking. As a toddler, he asked her lots of questions about it. As a young child, he began helping her by mixing and measuring. Now that he's in 3rd grade, his mother has signed him up for cooking classes. What type of effect is this?
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Evocative genotype ==> environment effects
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Elira is a short, slender young woman who has always loved sports and competition, but hasn't been able to keep up physically. When she gets to college, she learns that the college's rowing team has a position called a "coxswain" in which it is advantageous to be small and competitive. She joins the team and starts training for . this position. What type of effect is this?
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Active genotype ==> environment effects
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________________________ sperm is/ are produced through a process called ________________________, and each sperm contains _____________________ chromosomes.
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Four; meiosis; 23
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When do women finish producing ova?
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When they are still in their mother's womb
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Where does fertilization take place?
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Fallopian tubes
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What is the result of 2 sperm fertilizing one ovum?
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This is impossible
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Which of the following is NOT a main source of infertility in men?
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Too many sperm produced
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What is the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?
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A woman takes fertility drugs to stimulate follicle production. Then, a doctor harvests the ova, fertilizes them, and places the zygotes back in the uterus.
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What structures does the trophoblast NOT become?
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Embryo
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What does the placenta NOT do?
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Protects the mother from waste produced by the baby.
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Which body system develops first and fastest in the embryo?
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Nervous system
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Your pregnant friend is eager to tell you about how she feels the fetus kick often and even hiccup. Without asking, you know that your friend is probably at what stage in her pregnancy?
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Middle to end of second trimester
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Decasper and Spence (1986) had pregnant participants read "The Cat in the Hat" to their fetuses during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. Which of the following sentences best describes their findings?
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Newborns showed a preference for their mother's voice reading "Cat in the Hat" over another rhythmic story.
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Your senator has asked you what services the country can provide to ensure babies are born healthier. Based on your knowledge form this class, what do you tell him?
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The country should make high quality prenatal care with skilled health care workers available to all pregnant women.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the most common nutritional deficiencies of pregnant women around the world?
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Vitamin C
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Approximately 1 in ____________________________ live births is a child with chromosomal disorder.
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200
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What parental characteristics make it more likely children will be born with a chromosomal disorder?
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Mother's age
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Which of the following is true about PKU?
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Early treatment is very effective
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Which of the following is NOT a reason that women have ultrasounds?
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They want to know how much nutrition the fetus is receiving from the placenta.
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Your cousin is 9 weeks pregnant and is going to the doctor for a prenatal diagnostic test. She doesn't remember the name of the test, but remembers the procedure. What is she likely to describe?
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A tube is inserted into the vagina and cells are collected from what is forming the umbilical cord.
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After providing a comprehensive family history, what is the next step in genetic counseling?
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Each partner provides a biological sample so doctors can analyze their chromosomes
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Anita is experiencing a burning sensation in the vaginal opening as the top of the baby's head is just starting to show, so she is in the ______________________________ stage of the birth process.
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Second
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The longest stage of the birth process is ___________________.
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Stage 1
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Shaurice is pregnant and her pituitary gland has released oxytocin. As a result _________________________________.
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her uterus will begin regular contractions
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A breech birth _________________________________________.
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is considered dangerous because oxygen may be constructed during the birth process
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C-sections ______________________________.
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are often performed when the baby is in the breech position
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Throughout history, most births were administered by _________________________________.
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midwives
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It was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries from the 1930s through the 1960s to ____________________________.
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heavily medicate women in labor
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Nona lives in a traditional culture. Which individual most likely assists her during the birthing process?
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A midwife
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What medical technique is used to measure the fetus's heartbeat during the birthding oricess by attaching a device on the mother's abdomen or by placing a sensor on the fetus's scalp?
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Electronic fetal monitoring
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Once the placenta is delivered ______________________________.
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The umbilical cord is cut
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What Apgar score indicates that the newborn is in a good to excellent condition?
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10
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Approximately when is the Brazelton NBAS administered?
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A day after birth or any time in the first 2 months
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When individuals who were born with low birth weight become adolescents, they are more likely to _______________________________________.
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have low IQ scores and repeat a grade
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Marina and Paolo's preterm baby boy was born weighing only 5 pounds. To stabilize their baby's heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and sleep-wake cycles, Marina and Paolo have been placing the baby on their chests, skin-to-skin, for 2 to 3 hours a day. This well-known, scientifically proven method for stimulating neonatal functioning is called ____________________.
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kangaroo care
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What newborn infant is most at risk of death in the United States?
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Jerome, an African American male
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding infants' sleep?
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Infants spend a greater proportion of time in REM than do adults
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While being held by her grandmother, newborn baby Juliette starts to turn toward her grandmother's body and open her mouth. She is demonstrating the _______________________ reflex.
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rooting
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Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to have survival value?
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The Babkin reflex
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What sense(s) is (are) the first to develop in neonates?
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Touch
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At birth, the least developed of a neonate's senses is ______________________________________.
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sight
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Your great, great grandmother who had her babies in the late 1800s was probably told by her physician to give her infants __________________________.
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condensed or evaporated milk
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In the US, breast feeding __________________________________.
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rates vary among people of different ethnic backgrounds
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When would mothers in developing countries be advised not to breastfeed?
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If they have an infectious disease, such as HIV/AIDS
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Which of the following is linked to a reduced likelihood of obesity in childhood?
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Breast feeding for 6 months
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How long does the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that women breast feed?
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2 years
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Newborn baby Kiev lives in a traditional culture. What is most likely to happen when he cries?
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He will be breast fed and swaddled.
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An infant who cries for more than 3 hours a day, over more than 3 days at a time, and for more than 3 weeks is considered _______________________.
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colicky
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Melia had heard if she did not hold her baby immediately after birth and lie with her on her chest for hours that she and her baby would never __________________________________. Luckily for Melia, research proved this claim to be false because her infant needed immediate medical attention after she was born.
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be properly bonded
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Postpartum depression __________________________________________.
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is experienced by men as well as by women
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Treatments for postpartum depression include ____________________________.
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antidepressants, psychotherapy, and exercise
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When are the placenta and the umbilical cord delivered?
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Immediately after the baby is delivered
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Which of the following is true about episiotomies?
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The rates of episiotomies have declined since 1970
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Which of the following is true about cesarean deliveries?
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Globally, the rates of c-sections do not seem to be related to SES.
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Which region of the world has the highest rates of natural childbirth within established health facilities?
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Northern Europe
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Which of the following is NOT an important component of natural childbirth in most cases? a. Natural childbirths usually occur at home b. Little to no medical technologies or interventions are used c. The expectant mother has the physical and emotional support of her husband or partner d. Expectant parents take classes in which they learn about the birth process
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a. Natural childbirths usually occur at home
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In many cultures, the _________________________________ has special cultural beliefs attached to it that seek to protect the mother and/or baby from harm.
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placenta
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During labor and delivery, electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) tracks the _________________________________.
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fetus's heartbeat
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Sometimes women are given a synthetic form _____________________ to induce or speed up contractions.
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oxytocin
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You and your partner have just had a baby. The doctor mentions that your newborn has neonatal jaundice. your partner seems worried. What do you do?
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Reassure my partner that about 50% of babies have jaundice and it usually disappears after a few days of simple treatment with a blue light
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Which of the following is NOT measured on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (NBAS)? a. Reflexes b. Amount of hair c. Responses to social stimulation d. Central nervous system instability
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b. Amount of hair
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Renee fives birth to her son at 32 weeks gestation. However, he doctor is optimistic about the baby's outcomes because the baby is not "small for date". What does the doctor mean by this?
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He weighs about the same as the average baby born at 32 weeks
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Which of the following is NOT a long-term effect of being born at low birth weight?
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Small stature
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Since 1980, neonatal mortality rates in the US have ______________________ and maternal mortality rates have ___________________________.
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dropped; risen
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Which group do researchers believe spends the highest percentage of time in REM sleep?
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Fetuses
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Why do Kipsigi infants rarely sleep more than 3 hours straight, day or night, for the first year of life?
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They doze on their mother's back throughout the day and feed often at night
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Which reflex helps neonates find the breast to obtain nourishment?
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rooting reflex
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Preference for sweet tastes is present as early as ____________________ birth.
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before
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Which of the following is NOT true about neonates' hearing abilities? a. They prefer the voice of their father to the voice of another man b. They prefer high-pitched sounds c. They can hear the difference between "ba" and "ga" d. They prefer the voice of their mother to the voice of another woman.
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a. They prefer the voice of their father to the voice of another man
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Based on anthropological research with traditional cultures and cross-species research with chimpanzees, what can we say about how our ancestors breastfed for much of human history?
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Feedings were more frequent and, overall, children were breastfed for several years
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding? a. Infants have a reduced risk of childhood obesity b. Infants develop stronger immune systems c. Infant and mother form a better social relationship d. Mothers' bones are strengthened
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c. Infant and mother form a better social relationship
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What is true about breastfeeding in developing countries?
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Marketing campaigns from formula companies have attempted to deceive women into believing formula is superior to breastmilk.
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Babies' crying peaks around _____________________________.
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2 months old
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What is true about swaddling?
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In some traditional cultures, babies are swaddled to a cradle board
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Even though developmental psychologists were wrong about the dire effects of babies not bonding with their mothers immediately after birth, the idea promoted what beneficial changes?
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Hospital policies changed so that mothers, fathers, and babies could be in close proximity after birth
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Which of the following is true about the differences in postpartum depression between Western and non-western countries? a. Fathers only suffer from PPD in Western countries b. The rates of PPD are much higher in Western countries c. The rates of PPD are much higher in non-Western countries d. Western countries health interventions for PPD whereas non-Western countries emphasize social support
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d. Western countries health interventions for PPD whereas non-Western countries emphasize social support
