Abnormal Psychology (Ch. 1 – Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context) – Flashcards
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psychological disorder / abnormal behavior (DSM-5 definition)
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- behavioral, cognitive, emotional dysfunctions - unexpected in cultural context - personal distress - substantial impairment in function
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psychological dysfunction
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breakdown in cognitive, emotional, & behavioral functioning
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Normative Impairment (ADLs) & Distress Statistical Family Resemblance Approach
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Modeling a Psychological Disorder (4)
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Normative
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socially defined rules/expectations
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Impairment & Distress
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unable to work & pay bills personal care
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Family Resemblance Approach
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- suffering - maladaptive - irrationality - unpredictability - unconventionality - observer discomfort - violation of standards
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phobia
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a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
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psychopathology
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the scientific study of psychological disorders
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Professionals in the field of Psychopathology
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- clinical & counseling psychologist - psychiatrists - psychiatric social workers - psychiatric nurses - marriage & family therapists - mental health counselors
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scientist-practitioners
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mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work
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3 ways to function as a scientist-practioner
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(1.) Keep current in latest research on diagnosis/treatment (2.) Evaluate own methods for effectiveness (3.) May generate own research to discover new knowledge of disorders & their treatment
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presenting problem
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original complaint reported by the client to the therapist
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clinical description
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represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
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incidence
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# of new cases occur during a given period
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prevalence
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total # of cases in a given time period
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course
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pattern of development and change of a disorder over time - chronic, episodic, or time-limited
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chronic course
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type of course that... tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime
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episodic course
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type of course that... individual likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time
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time-limited course
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type of course that... the disorder will improve w/o treatment in a relatively short period
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acute onset
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begin suddenly
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insidious onset
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develop gradually over an extended period
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prognosis
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anticipated course of a disorder
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developmental psychology
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study of changes in behavior over time
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developmental psychopathology
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study of changes in abnormal behavior
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etiology
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the study of origins
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3 models of psychology
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- supernatural model - biological model - psychological model
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The Supernatural Model
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agents outside our bodies & environment influence our behavior, thinking, & emotions Ex: Diviance
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DEVIANCE (etiology & treatments)
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Supernatural Tradition: Battle of "Good" vs. "Evil" Etiology: devil, witchcraft, sorcery Treatments: exorcism, torture, & trepanning - 14th & 15th century Europe - Salem Witch Trials in US
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etiology of deviance
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devil, witchcraft, sorcery
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treatments for deviance
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exorcism, torture, & trepanning
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exorcism
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various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits
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The Biological Model
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Hippocrates & Galen
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Hippocrates
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considered the father of western medicine
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Hippocrates studied...
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*Etiology:* physical disease - brain pathology - head trauma - genetics - psychosocial factors (stress, family) - Precursor to somatoform disorders (hysteria)
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hysteria
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conversion of psychological stress into physical symptoms (somatization), selective amnesia, shallow volatile emotions, and overdramatic or attention-seeking behavior. - The term has a controversial history as it was formerly regarded as a disease specific to women.
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Hippocratic-Galenic Approach
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*Humoral Theory of Mental Disorders*: assumed normal brain functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or [humors] > blood - sanguine (cheerful/optimistic) > black bile - melancholic (depressive) > phlegm - phlegmatic (calm under stress) > yellow bile - choleric (hot-tempered) *Etiology*: brain chemical imbalances *Treatments*: environmental regulation --heat, dryness, moisture, cold --bloodletting, included vomiting
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etiology of mental disorders (humoral theory)
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brain chemical imbalances
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treatments for mental disorders (humoral theory)
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environmental regulation heat, dryness, moisture, cold bloodletting, included vomiting
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Humoral Theory of mental disorders
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assumed normal brain functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or [humors]
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Four humors of Humoral Theory of mental disorders
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- blood -> *sanguine* (cheerful/optimistic) - black bile -> *melancholic* (depressive) - phlegm -> *phlegmatic* (calm under stress) - yellow bile -> *choleric* (hot-tempered)
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Hippocratic-Galenic Approach (Humoral Theory of Mental Disorders) *Etiology* & *Treatment*
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*Etiology*: brain chemical imbalances *Treatments*: environmental regulation --heat, dryness, moisture, cold --bloodletting, included vomiting
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general paresis
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STD w/ psychosis-like symptoms - delusions & hallucinations *Etiology:* bacterial microorganism (Louis Pasterur's germ theory) - Biological basis for madness - treated with malaria at the time
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Development of Biological Treatments
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*1930s:* insulin shock therapy, brain surgery, ECT *1950s:* psychotropic meds (neuroleptics&tranquilizers)
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Consequences of the Biological Traditions
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increased hospitalization ("untreatable" conditions)
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Emil Kraepelin
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- a founding father of modern psychiatry - 1913: improved diagnosis/classification - theoretical/medical model - increased role of science in psychopathology - schizo
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The Psychological Model
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psychosocial treatment / moral therapy
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moral therapy
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*psychosocial approach* in *[19th century]* that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments
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Dorthea Dix
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*mid-19th century* - campaigned endlessly for asylum reform in the treatment of insanity - *mental hygiene movement* - reason for decline of moral therapy due to the... ...increased number of patients (immigrants, homeless)
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mental hygiene movement
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*mid-19th century* effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment
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psychoanalysis
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- psychoanalytic assessment & therapy - emphasizes unconscious processes & conflicts - pioneered by Sigmund Freud
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behaviorism
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explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
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psychosocial treatment
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cultural and social factors affect treatment, as well as psychological
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catharsis
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rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be a factor in psychoanalytic therapy
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Sigmund Freud
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founder of psychoanalytic therapy - unconscious mind - catharsis, free association, & dream analysis
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unconscious
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part of the psychic makeup that is outside of the awareness of the person
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psychoanalytic model
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complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the *development/structure of personality* & *origin of abnormal behavior*, based primarily on inferred inner entities & forces
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id
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in psychoanalysis... the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic sexual and aggressive drives
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ego
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in psychoanalysis... the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives
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superego
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in psychoanalysis... the psychical entity representing the internalized moral principles of parents and society
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intrapsychic conflicts
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in psychoanalysis... the struggles among the id, ego, and superego
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defense mechanisms
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common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego
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denial
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refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
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displacement
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transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person
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projection
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falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object
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rationalization
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conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations
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reaction formation
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substitutes behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are direct opposite of unacceptable ones
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repression
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blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
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sublimation
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directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
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psychosexual stages of development
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in psychoanalysis... the sequence of phases a person passes through during development
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castration anxiety
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in psychoanalysis... the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers
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ego psychology / self-psychology
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Theory... - derived from psychoanalysis - emphasizes the role of the ego in development and - attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts
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collective unconscious
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accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations (a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung)
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free association
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psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. - The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
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dream analysis
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psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts
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psychodynamic psychotherapy
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contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
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self-actualizing
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process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences
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person-centered therapy
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therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility
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unconditional positive regard
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acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation
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behavioral model
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explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
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classical conditioning
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An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not. (fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov.)
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extinction
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learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed
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John Watson
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despised Freud's model bc "can't see it, count it, weigh it" Founder of *Behaviorism:* - scientific emphasis - objective - radical empiricism - "Little Albert" experiment
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systematic desensitization
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behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation
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behavior therapy
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array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems.
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reinforcement
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in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency
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B.F. Skinner
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- Behavior "operates" on environment - reinforcements - punishments - behavior "shaping"
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shaping
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in operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. (Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner)
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Behavioral model
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Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, & operant conditioning
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Humanistic theory
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Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association & dream analysis, & balance of the id, ego, and superego
