Abnormal Psychology Quiz Questions 1, 2, 3 – Flashcards

Distress, danger, dysfunction, deviance Deviance From what? From behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society's ideas about proper functioning From social norms Stated and unstated rules for proper conduct Examples? Judgments of abnormality vary from society to society as norms grow from a particular culture They also depend on specific circumstances Distress According to many clinical theorists, behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal Not always the case Dysfunction Abnormal behavior tends to be dysfunctional - it interferes with daily functioning Here again culture plays a role in the definition of abnormality Dysfunction alone does not necessarily indicate psychological abnormality Danger Abnormal behavior may become dangerous to oneself or others Behavior may be consistently careless, hostile, or confused Although often cited as a feature of psychological abnormality, research suggests that dangerousness is the exception rather than the rule

Historians have concluded that ancient societies probably regarded abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits This view may have begun as far back as the Stone Age The treatment for severe abnormality was to force the demons from the body through trephination, exorcism, whipping

Greek and Roman Views and Treatments 500 B.C. to 500 A.D.: Philosophers and physicians offered different explanations and treatments for abnormal behaviors Hippocrates believed and taught that illnesses had natural causes; illnesses had natural causes, humors (bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning, blood, bile phlegm) He looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or humors His suggested treatments attempted to "rebalance" Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns 500 - 1350 A.D.: The church rejected scientific forms of investigation, and it controlled all education Religious beliefs came to dominate all aspects of life Once again, abnormality was seen as a conflict between good and evil Abnormal behavior apparently increased greatly during this period Some of the earlier demonological treatments reemerged At the close of the Middle Ages, demonology and its methods began to lose favor again The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums 1400 - 1700 A.D.: German physician Johann Weyer believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body The care of people with mental disorders continued to improve in this atmosphere This time also saw a rise of asylums - institutions whose primary purpose was care of the mentally ill The intention was good care, but because of overcrowding they became virtual prisons Mind susceptible to sickness as the body was The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment: As 1800 approached, the treatment of people with mental disorders began to improve once again Moral treatment - care that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix primary proponents of moral treatment in the US Several factors led to a reversal of the moral treatment movement such as overcrowding and prejudice By the early years of the twentieth century, the moral treatment movement had ground to a halt; long-term hospitalization became the rule once again Patients were sick people whose illnesses should be treated w/ sympathy The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic Perspective Two factors were responsible for the rebirth of this perspective: Emil Kraepelin's textbook argued that physical factors (such as fatigue) are responsible for mental dysfunction New biological discoveries were made Despite the general optimism, biological approaches yielded mostly disappointing results throughout the first half of the twentieth century; in the 1950s, a number of effective medications were finally discovered The Early Twentieth Century: The Psychogenic Perspective The rise in popularity of this perspective was based on work with hypnotism: Friedrich Mesmer and hysterical disorders Sigmund Freud' s theory of psychoanalysis Freud and his followers offered treatment primarily to patients who did not require hospitalization - now known as outpatient therapy By the early 20th century, psychoanalytic theory and treatment were widely accepted

Benjamin Rush developed human approaches to treatment; hire intelligent, sensitive attendants, talk, walk w/ them Dorothy Dix made the public care more about human treatments By the end of the 1800s, movement spreading too fast, more mental hospitals, led to too many shortages and declined recovery times, and people depended too much on treating patients humanely, didn't realize some patients cant be helped with talking

Bernheim and Ambroise showed that hysterical disorders could actually be induced in otherwise normal people while they were under the influence of hypnosis

Freud would eventually join Breuer in his study w/ hypnotism on hysterical disorders, led to his own findings

Private psychotherapy - an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapy for counseling services Prevention - interventions aimed at deterring mental disoders before they develop Positive psych - enhancement of positive feelings, traits, abilities Multicultural psych - examines impacts of culture, race, ethnicity, gender Managed care program - insurance controls nature, scope, lost of medical or psycho sem

Case study - source of new ideas about behavior and open the way for new discover. may show value for new therapeutic techniques or unique applications of existing techniques biased observes, subjective evidence, little basis for generalization Correlational method - provides general info, provides causal info, its replicable and statistical analysis is possible doesn't provide individual info

To guard against confounds, researchers include control group, random assign, blind design

quasi, natural, analogue, single subject experimental

Key regions of brain are; cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amgdala. Info is communicated throughout the brain inform of electrical impulses that travel from one neuron to one or more. An impulse is received by a neuron dendrite, then travels down the neurons axon, and finally transmitted throughout the nerve ending. The biological treatments are drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery

learned response - behavioral model values - humanistic-existential responsibility - humanistic-existential spirituality - humanistic-existential underlying conflicts - psychodynamic maladaptive assumptions - cognitive m

unconditonal positive regard - client-centered therapy free association - psychodynamic classical-condtioning - behavioral skillful frustration - Gestalt dream interpretation - pscychodynamic

Psychodynamic - seek to uncover past tramas and inner conflicts that resulted from them. try to help clients resolve, settle those conflicts and to resume personal development Behavioral - believe our actions are determined by experience in life, but concentrates on behaviors, base their explanations and treatments on principle of learning Cognitive - believe abnormal functioning can result from several kinds of cognitive problems Humanistic-Existential - Humanists - believe humans born w/ natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, construction Exiistential - believe humans have accurate awareness of themselves and live authentic lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted. dont believe people are naturally inclined to live positively. born w/ toral freedom

id - instinctual needs, drives, impulses. pleasure principle, sexual ego - reason, reality principle superego - personal values, ideals key techniques - free association, therapist, interpretation, catharsis, working through

Classical, modeling, conditioning, systematic desensitization

assumptions, attitudes, illogical thinking processes, overgeneralization can lead to abnormal behavior treatments - cognitive therapy, acceptance and cmmitment therapy

Humanistic and existialistic differ in that existentialists dont believe people are naturally inclined to live positively, they believe from birth we have total freedom

test-retest reliability, interrater predictive, concurrent validity

Unstructured - lack of structure allows interviewer to follow leads and explore relevant topics that oculd not be anticipated before the interview. appeal to psychodynamic and humanistic clinicians structured - clinicians asked prepared questions ensures they will cover same kinds of important issues in all interviews and enables them to compare responses of different individuals, bheavioral cognitive Limitatons of clinical interviewes Limitations: May lack validity or accuracy Individuals may be intentionally misleading Interviewers may be biased or may make mistakes in judgment Interviews, particularly unstructured ones, may lack reliability

projective tests - havent consistently shown much reliability or validity personality inventories - + not time consuming, objectively scored, standardized, great test retest relaibility than projective tests - personality traits tests want to measure, can't be examined directly

Require that clients interpret vague and ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction Mainly used by psychodynamic practitioners Most popular: Rorschach Test - inkblots, interpret their interpretations Thematic Apperception - interpret their interpretation Sentence Completion - interpret their interpretation Drawers - interpret their interpretations

Consists of more than 500 self-statements that can be answered "true," "false," or "cannot say" Statements describe physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes toward religion, sex, and social activities, and psychological symptoms Assesses careless responding and lying Comprised of ten clinical scales: Hypochondriasis (HS) Depression (D) Conversion hysteria (Hy) Psychopathic deviate (PD) Masculinity-femininity (Mf) Scores range from 0 to 120 Above 70 = deviant Graphed to create a "profile"

Clinicians determine whether psych probs are linked to brain damage w/ neurological tests, EEAG, neuroimagingin, brain scanning

naturalistic, analog observations, self-monitoring

to apply what is generally known about the disorder to the individual they are trying to help

DSM5 lists 500 mental disoders. ea has criteria for diagnosing disorfder and is key clinical features, background info. w/ dsm5, many clinicians will ahve diffuclty distinguishing 1 kind of dsm anxiety disorder from another. many clinical therorists worry some criteria and categories are baesd on weak research A classification system, like an assessment method, is judged by its reliability and validity Here, reliability means that different clinicians are likely to agree on a diagnosis using the system to diagnose the same client The framers of DSM-5 followed certain procedures to help ensure greater reliability than any previous edition Despite such efforts, critics still have concerns The validity of a classification system is the accuracy of the information that its diagnostic categories provide Predictive validity is of the most use clinically DSM-5 framers also tried to ensure the validity of this edition by conducting extensive literature reviews and running field studies However, many are still concerned about its validity

studies suggest therapy often is more helpful that no treatment or than placebos. diff theories wokr for diff people in diff circumstances