Home Page Social Science Psychology Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology Ch.6 - Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Ch.6 – Flashcards

Marta Browning

7 July 2022

question

anxiety

answer

general feeling of apprehension about future danger three components 1. physiological: tension 2. cognitive: negative thoughts 3. behavioural: avoidance

question

fear

answer

alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger

question

obsessions

answer

persistent and highly recurrent intrusive thoughts or images that are experienced as disturbing and inappropriate

question

compulsions

answer

repetitive behaviours that a person feels must be performed in response to the obsession.

question

neurotic disorders

answer

group of disorders to which OCD and anxiety belong, not incoherent, dangerous etc. , term dropped from DSMV

question

panic attack

answer

fear response occurs in absence of any obvious danger three components 1. cognitive: death 2. physiological: heart beat 3. behavioural: flee

question

anxiety disorders

answer

group of disorders that have unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties of disabling intensity 1. phobia 2. social phobia 3. panic disorder 3. agoraphobia 5. generalized anxiety

question

specific/social phobias

answer

anxiety regarding encounter with phobic situation, or possibility of

question

panic disorder

answer

panic attacks + anxiety regarding having another attack

question

agoraphobia

answer

avoid open streets and crowded places

question

generalized anxiety disordy

answer

general sense of anxiety and worry

question

phobia

answer

persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents no actual danger 3 types 1. specific 2. agoraphobia 3. social phobia

question

specific phobia

answer

trigger causes immediate fear response resmbling panic attack, but with presence of trigger - not treated with drugs

question

blood injection injury phobia

answer

phobia including disgust as well as fear at the sigh of blood or injury, initial accelration of heart rate followed by dramatic drop

question

specific phobia PAG (prevalence, age of onset, gender diferences)

answer

common, more women than men, vary widely in age but most start in childhood

question

specific phobia psychological causal factors

answer

psychoanalytic - defence against axiety stemming from repressed impulses from the id, then displaced to external object, defence present learned behaviour - conditioned to neutral stimuli when coupled with traumatic events, could also condition via observational (vicarious) classical conditioning. - differences in life experiences causes different responses to conditioning evolutionary perspective

question

inflation effect

answer

says that person who acquires mild fear of driving following minor crash will develop full blown phobia if assaulted in the absence of vehicle.

question

prepared learning

answer

evolutionarily prepared to rapidly associate certain objects with frightening/unpleasant events

question

specific phobia biological casual factors

answer

- variant on serotonin-transporter gene -

question

behaviourally inhibited

answer

those who are excessively timid, shy, esaily distressed - more prone to developing phobias

question

exposure therapy

answer

specific phobia treatment - controlled exposure

question

participant modelling

answer

variant on exposure therapy, more effective. Therapist models ways of interacting with phobic stimulus.

question

d-cycloserine

answer

a drug known to facilitate extinction of conditioned fear in animals

question

social phobias

answer

disorder with disabling fear of one or more specific social situations

question

social phobia PAD

answer

common, more in women, begin later in life

question

social phobia psychological causal factors

answer

learned behaviour - direct or vicarious (observational) classical conditioning evolutionary - fears of one's own species: dominance hierarchies perception of uncontrollability and unpredictability cognitive bias - expect rejection/negative evaluation

question

social phobia biological causal factors

answer

temperament - behavioural inhibition

question

cognitive restructuring

answer

social phobia treatment - help clients identify underlying negative automatic thoughts, logical reanalysis

question

social phobia medication

answer

- antidepressants (MAOIs) and (SSRIs)

question

symptoms of panic attack

answer

panic attacks that come randomly in the absence of visible trigger 1. depersonalization: detachment or derealization: unreal world 2. fear of dying 3. fear of losing control

question

nocturnal panic

answer

panic attacks during relaxation or sleep

question

agora

answer

greek word for public places of assembly, used for agoraphobia, frequent complication of panic disorder

question

agoraphobia PAD

answer

many with panic disorder, starts in 20s or 30s, more in women than men

question

agoraphobia comorbidity

answer

panic disorder results in at least one comorbid disorder

question

timing of first panic attack (agoraphobia)

answer

first panic attack usually after highly stressful life circumstance

question

agoraphobia biological causal factors

answer

genetic - moderate heritability brain - amygdala and locue coerulus biochemical - noradrenergic and serotonergic (SSRI used to treat), GABA too low

question

locus coeruleus

answer

early believe regarding brain stem component where panic originates, now believed to be amygdala

question

amygdala

answer

collection of nuclei in front of hippocampus, involved in fear

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

higher brain area conencted to amygdala

question

panic provocation procedures

answer

procedures that produce panic attacks in panic disorder patients at higher rate than in normal subjects: eg. inhaling air with co2

question

agoraphobia psychological causal factors

answer

comprehensive LEARNING THEORY MODEL of panic disorder - initial internal bodily sensation of anxiety/arousal becomes interoceptive conditioned stimuli associated with higher levels of anxiety or arousal. INTEROCEPTIVE CONDITIONING MODEL. cognitive theory of panic (CATASTROPHIC THOUGHTS) - hypersensitivity to bodily sensations, catastrophization about meaning of bodily sensations

question

interoceptive conditioning (exteroceptive conditioning)

answer

part of the comprehensive behavioural theory of panic disorder: panic attacks become associated with neutral internal and external cues. Anxiety becomes conditioned - leads to development of 1) anticipatory anxiety 2) agoraphobic fears

question

3 components of panic disorder

answer

1) agoraphobic fears 2) anticipatory anxiety 3) panic attacks - can be conditioned to internal cues, eg. heart rate

question

automatic thoughts

answer

part of cognitive theory of panic (agoraphobia), thoughts that are catastrophic interpretations just out of realm of awareness, but are triggers of panic

question

anxiety sensitivity

answer

trait-like belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences: I will have a heart attack if my heart is beating rapidly

question

perceived control

answer

sense that reduces anxiety and blocks panic during provocation studies (eg. inhale co2)

question

panic disorder treatments

answer

medications 1) anxiolytics 2) antidepressants - SSRIs, SNNRIs, no dependence, takes long time to take effect, side effects like dry mouth behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatments - variant on exposure treatment: interoceptive exposure - cognitive restructuring:

question

anxiolytics

answer

drug used to treat panic disorders, very quick, imparied performance, dependency

question

interoceptive exposure

answer

deliberate exposure to internal cues, treatment through prolonged exposure

question

panic control treatment

answer

cognitive restructuring treatment - educate, control breathing, logical errors to get rid of automatic thoughts, expose to feared situations

question

generalized anxiety disorder (PAD)

answer

relatively common, more common in women but less dramatic difference, common, age of onset difficult to determine but usually in older adults

question

generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity

answer

often co-occurs with other disorders, eg. panic

question

generalized anxiety psychological causal factors

answer

psychoanalytic - unconscious conflict between ego and id impulses that were not dealt with due to breakdown of defence mechanisms - defence absent uncontrollability and unpredictability cognitive bias for threatening info

question

generalized anxiety biological causal factors

answer

genetic- modest heritability, smaller than other anxiety disorders except phobias functional deficiency in GABA serotonin CRH

question

stria terminalis

answer

extension of amygdala affected by CRH during GAD

question

neurobiological differences between anxiety and panic

answer

fear panic - flight vs fight response GAD: preparation fo possible threat, smaller hippocampus

question

generalized anxiety treatment

answer

medication - anxiolytic cognitive-behavioural - muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring

question

hoarding disorder

answer

related to OCD

question

obsessive thoughts

answer

uncontrollable invasive thoughts

question

obsessive compulsive disorder PAD

answer

- more prevalent than before, not much gender difference, late adolescence, not uncommon in children, early onset more common in boys

question

OCD comorbidity

answer

frequently co-curs with social phobia, panic, etc.

question

OCD psychological causal factors

answer

learned behaviour: avoidance learning - neural stimuli associated with frightening thoughts and come to elicit anxiety evolutionary - preparedness, displacement activities seen in animals cognitive - attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts leads to paradoxical increase - thought-action fusion: increase perceived harmful consequences - biases: cannot block out negative input

question

thought-action fusion

answer

thinking about something is equivalent to doing it - discussed in cognitive causal factors of OCD

question

biological causal factors

answer

most strongly implicated than other anxiety disorders. genetic- genetic contribution, genetic polymorphisms brain - basal ganglia neurotransmitter - serotonin (SSRIs effective, eg. Prozac)

question

basal ganglia

answer

abnormalities of the brain structure associated with OCD, dysfunction in cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit

question

OCD treatments

answer

behavioural - exposure and response prevention

question

exposure and response prevention

answer

behavioural approach to treat OCD, repeated exposure to simuli that trigger obsession, prevent rituals medication - most serotonin affectors eg. PRozac, anafranil, high relapse

question

body dysmorphic disorder

answer

disorder involving preoccupation with certain parts of the body

question

perceived/imagined flaw

answer

obsession by people with BDD, leads to belief of disfigurement, causes distress

question

BDD PAD

answer

difficult to estimate prevalence due to cover ups equal in gender but about different places adolescence

question

BDD causal factors

answer

biopsychosocial approach - moderately heritable - sociocultural context that puts value in appearance (self-schemas of attractiveness = worth) - biased attention relating to words regarding attractiveness

question

BDD treatment

answer

- close to OCD - but higher doses in medication needed

question

hoarding disorder

answer

separated from OCD

question

trichotillomania

answer

compulsive hair pulling, related to OCD, onset childhood or later

question

ataque de nervios

answer

variant of panic disorder from latin america, also include bursting into tears, uncontrollable shoulting, aggresion, seizures

question

koro

answer

culture related syndrome in which men fears retraction of penic, eads to death

question

taijin kyofusho

answer

japan, related to social phobia - concern about doing something embarssing

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question

anxiety

answer

general feeling of apprehension about future danger three components 1. physiological: tension 2. cognitive: negative thoughts 3. behavioural: avoidance

question

fear

answer

alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger

question

obsessions

answer

persistent and highly recurrent intrusive thoughts or images that are experienced as disturbing and inappropriate

question

compulsions

answer

repetitive behaviours that a person feels must be performed in response to the obsession.

question

neurotic disorders

answer

group of disorders to which OCD and anxiety belong, not incoherent, dangerous etc. , term dropped from DSMV

question

panic attack

answer

fear response occurs in absence of any obvious danger three components 1. cognitive: death 2. physiological: heart beat 3. behavioural: flee

question

anxiety disorders

answer

group of disorders that have unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties of disabling intensity 1. phobia 2. social phobia 3. panic disorder 3. agoraphobia 5. generalized anxiety

question

specific/social phobias

answer

anxiety regarding encounter with phobic situation, or possibility of

question

panic disorder

answer

panic attacks + anxiety regarding having another attack

question

agoraphobia

answer

avoid open streets and crowded places

question

generalized anxiety disordy

answer

general sense of anxiety and worry

question

phobia

answer

persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents no actual danger 3 types 1. specific 2. agoraphobia 3. social phobia

question

specific phobia

answer

trigger causes immediate fear response resmbling panic attack, but with presence of trigger - not treated with drugs

question

blood injection injury phobia

answer

phobia including disgust as well as fear at the sigh of blood or injury, initial accelration of heart rate followed by dramatic drop

question

specific phobia PAG (prevalence, age of onset, gender diferences)

answer

common, more women than men, vary widely in age but most start in childhood

question

specific phobia psychological causal factors

answer

question

inflation effect

answer

says that person who acquires mild fear of driving following minor crash will develop full blown phobia if assaulted in the absence of vehicle.

question

prepared learning

answer

evolutionarily prepared to rapidly associate certain objects with frightening/unpleasant events

question

specific phobia biological casual factors

answer

- variant on serotonin-transporter gene -

question

behaviourally inhibited

answer

those who are excessively timid, shy, esaily distressed - more prone to developing phobias

question

exposure therapy

answer

specific phobia treatment - controlled exposure

question

participant modelling

answer

variant on exposure therapy, more effective. Therapist models ways of interacting with phobic stimulus.

question

d-cycloserine

answer

a drug known to facilitate extinction of conditioned fear in animals

question

social phobias

answer

disorder with disabling fear of one or more specific social situations

question

social phobia PAD

answer

common, more in women, begin later in life

question

social phobia psychological causal factors

answer

question

social phobia biological causal factors

answer

temperament - behavioural inhibition

question

cognitive restructuring

answer

social phobia treatment - help clients identify underlying negative automatic thoughts, logical reanalysis

question

social phobia medication

answer

- antidepressants (MAOIs) and (SSRIs)

question

symptoms of panic attack

answer

panic attacks that come randomly in the absence of visible trigger 1. depersonalization: detachment or derealization: unreal world 2. fear of dying 3. fear of losing control

question

nocturnal panic

answer

panic attacks during relaxation or sleep

question

agora

answer

greek word for public places of assembly, used for agoraphobia, frequent complication of panic disorder

question

agoraphobia PAD

answer

many with panic disorder, starts in 20s or 30s, more in women than men

question

agoraphobia comorbidity

answer

panic disorder results in at least one comorbid disorder

question

timing of first panic attack (agoraphobia)

answer

first panic attack usually after highly stressful life circumstance

question

agoraphobia biological causal factors

answer

genetic - moderate heritability brain - amygdala and locue coerulus biochemical - noradrenergic and serotonergic (SSRI used to treat), GABA too low

question

locus coeruleus

answer

early believe regarding brain stem component where panic originates, now believed to be amygdala

question

amygdala

answer

collection of nuclei in front of hippocampus, involved in fear

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

higher brain area conencted to amygdala

question

panic provocation procedures

answer

procedures that produce panic attacks in panic disorder patients at higher rate than in normal subjects: eg. inhaling air with co2

question

agoraphobia psychological causal factors

answer

question

interoceptive conditioning (exteroceptive conditioning)

answer

question

3 components of panic disorder

answer

1) agoraphobic fears 2) anticipatory anxiety 3) panic attacks - can be conditioned to internal cues, eg. heart rate

question

automatic thoughts

answer

part of cognitive theory of panic (agoraphobia), thoughts that are catastrophic interpretations just out of realm of awareness, but are triggers of panic

question

anxiety sensitivity

answer

trait-like belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences: I will have a heart attack if my heart is beating rapidly

question

perceived control

answer

sense that reduces anxiety and blocks panic during provocation studies (eg. inhale co2)

question

panic disorder treatments

answer

question

anxiolytics

answer

drug used to treat panic disorders, very quick, imparied performance, dependency

question

interoceptive exposure

answer

deliberate exposure to internal cues, treatment through prolonged exposure

question

panic control treatment

answer

cognitive restructuring treatment - educate, control breathing, logical errors to get rid of automatic thoughts, expose to feared situations

question

generalized anxiety disorder (PAD)

answer

relatively common, more common in women but less dramatic difference, common, age of onset difficult to determine but usually in older adults

question

generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity

answer

often co-occurs with other disorders, eg. panic

question

generalized anxiety psychological causal factors

answer

question

generalized anxiety biological causal factors

answer

genetic- modest heritability, smaller than other anxiety disorders except phobias functional deficiency in GABA serotonin CRH

question

stria terminalis

answer

extension of amygdala affected by CRH during GAD

question

neurobiological differences between anxiety and panic

answer

fear panic - flight vs fight response GAD: preparation fo possible threat, smaller hippocampus

question

generalized anxiety treatment

answer

medication - anxiolytic cognitive-behavioural - muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring

question

hoarding disorder

answer

related to OCD

question

obsessive thoughts

answer

uncontrollable invasive thoughts

question

obsessive compulsive disorder PAD

answer

- more prevalent than before, not much gender difference, late adolescence, not uncommon in children, early onset more common in boys

question

OCD comorbidity

answer

frequently co-curs with social phobia, panic, etc.

question

OCD psychological causal factors

answer

question

thought-action fusion

answer

thinking about something is equivalent to doing it - discussed in cognitive causal factors of OCD

question

biological causal factors

answer

most strongly implicated than other anxiety disorders. genetic- genetic contribution, genetic polymorphisms brain - basal ganglia neurotransmitter - serotonin (SSRIs effective, eg. Prozac)

question

basal ganglia

answer

abnormalities of the brain structure associated with OCD, dysfunction in cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit

question

OCD treatments

answer

behavioural - exposure and response prevention

question

exposure and response prevention

answer

behavioural approach to treat OCD, repeated exposure to simuli that trigger obsession, prevent rituals medication - most serotonin affectors eg. PRozac, anafranil, high relapse

question

body dysmorphic disorder

answer

disorder involving preoccupation with certain parts of the body

question

perceived/imagined flaw

answer

obsession by people with BDD, leads to belief of disfigurement, causes distress

question

BDD PAD

answer

difficult to estimate prevalence due to cover ups equal in gender but about different places adolescence

question

BDD causal factors

answer

question

BDD treatment

answer

- close to OCD - but higher doses in medication needed

question

hoarding disorder

answer

separated from OCD

question

trichotillomania

answer

compulsive hair pulling, related to OCD, onset childhood or later

question

ataque de nervios

answer

variant of panic disorder from latin america, also include bursting into tears, uncontrollable shoulting, aggresion, seizures

question

koro

answer

culture related syndrome in which men fears retraction of penic, eads to death

question

taijin kyofusho

answer

japan, related to social phobia - concern about doing something embarssing

Abnormal Psychology Ch.6 – Flashcards

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