Social Psychology Answers – Flashcards
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Cognitive Component, Emotional Component, Behavioral Component
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ABC's of attitudes
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thoughts and beleifs about attitudinal object
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Cognitive Component
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feelings toward attitudinal object
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emotional component
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predisposition to act towards attitudinal object
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behavioral component
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protect one's personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. Ex-Few of us like to be told what to do so we react and go directly opposite of what they wanted us to believe
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Reactance
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-prior knowledge of persuasion. Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt at persuasion. Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows
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Forewarning
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When we know that a speech is designed to alter our views , we are often less likely to be affected by it than if we had no idea
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example of forewarning
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To screen out contradictory information. Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion. People tune out, channel surf or turn off the tv when something against their attitude is on. But also , when interested, they give their full attention
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selective avoidance
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lizzie turning off the tv with the animal cruelty commercials
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ex of selective avoidance
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-we actively counterargue against views that are contrary to our own. By doing so, it makes the opposing views more memorable than they would be otherwise, but reduces the impact they have on our attitudes
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Generate counterarguments
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challenging one's views increases resistance-self generated.
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inoculation
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injecting someone with a small dose of the disease so they become immune to it
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ex of inoculation
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percieve information that disconfirms our views as less reliable
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Biased assimilation
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interpret mixed evidence in ways that strengthen existing views
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Attitude polarization
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an internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistensy between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Neighbor gets a new SUV and asks what you think of it. You say "its nice" even though you acutally think they are gas guzzlers and polluters. You now feel uncomfortable because you are aware that your behavior and attitude were inconsistent with this issue
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ex of cognitive dissonance
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being worried about what others would think of you if you expressed your true attitude toward an issue
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situational constraint
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A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding (e.g. not asking questions in class because assuming that everyone else understands)
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Pluralistic ignorance
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Private attitudes of heavy alcohol consumptions were generally negative. But students beleived that other students attitudes were more positive than your own. When they were in a discussion about alcohol they expressed greater comfort with campus drinking
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ex of pluralistic ignorance
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A theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires
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Elaboration-liklihood model
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Processing of info in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas
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Systematic Processing
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attitude change resulting from systematic processing of info presented in persuasive message
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Central route to persuasion
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Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts
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Heuristic Processing
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the process by which a person DOES NOT THINK carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues.
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Peripheral route to persuasion
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process through which we acquire new info, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people
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social learning
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learning based on association
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SL- classical conditioning
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beer commercials paired with beautiful women
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ex of classical conditioning
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without awareness, classical conditioning that occurs in the abscence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved
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subliminal conditioning
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Learning to hold the "right views." Process of reward and punishments tied to our attitudes and actions
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sl-instrumental conditioning
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children are repeadetly told that cheating is bad. So when they are asked about it they automatically say its bad
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sl-ex of instrumental conditioning
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basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others
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sl-Observational learning
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having seen an object before, but not remembering having seen it--can result in attitude formation
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Mere exposure
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Using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself.
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social comparison
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inherited general dispositions
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Genetic factors
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High twin concordance and gut level preferences are potential illustrations
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ex of genetic factors
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an individuals attitudes about different objects must balance their valence (combining powers) across objects. must be balanced!
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Heiders balance theory
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attitudes do not alwayas predict behavior
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A-B link
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all businesses served chinese couples coutreously , yet most owners held negative attitudes
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ex of A-B link
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Sun worshipers-people who like to tan know the dangers of exposure to the sun, yet they tan anyways
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ex of A-B link 2
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origins, value conflict, strength, specificity
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aspects of attitude that might moderate A-B link
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how attitudes were formed.
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origins
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two attitudes might be active at the same time
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value conflict
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importance vested interest accessibility
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strength
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general vs. specific. If question asked is too broad it makes the attitudes behavior hard to see
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Specificity
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describes how people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of engaging in a particular action and think carefully about how others will view the behavior under consideration
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theory of reasoned action
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efforts to change our attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages
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persuasion
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intergroup context, attraction to the ingroup interdependency beleifs depersonalization
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4 dimensions of social identity
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relationship between ones in group and other comparisons in group
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intergoup context
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affect elicited (to cause or produce) by ones ingroup
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attraction to the ingroup
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norms and values that regulate the behavior of group members as they pursue common goals and share a common fate
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Interdependcy beleifs
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perceiving oneself simply as an interchangeable examole of a social category rather than as a unique person
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depersonalization
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a schema consisting of a collection of self beleifs and self perceptions
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self concept
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subjective self awareness-objective self awareness-symbolic self awareness
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three kinds of awareness related to self concept
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organism differentiates itself from enviornment (happens most in animals)
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subjective self awareness
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A state of mind in which individuals consider how they appear to others & are conscious of being evaluated. **organisms capacity to be the object of its own attention (looking in the mirror)
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objective self awareness
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organisms ability to form an abstract concept of self though language, ability to think about self and use language to represent others
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symbolic self awareness
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people process self relevant info better than non self relevant info. Oft, if something pertains to you we tend to remember it more.
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Self reference effect
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elaborative processing-categorical processing
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Why self reference effect happens
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easier to connect new info with existing info stored in memory
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elaborative processing
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self relebant material is well organized ( pre existing filing system)
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categorical processing
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social self consists of a collective identity derived from interpersonal relationships and membership in specific groups
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how culture and self concept are related
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private self-public self-collective self-possible selves
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Types of selves
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I am a funny person
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private self
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most people think I am funny-your recognition of how people treat you
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public self
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In my group, I am the funny one. What people think about you in a specific way
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collective self
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I hope to be a writer or comedian. Ex- William Hung
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possible selves
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image of how we might be in the future
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text possible selves
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the degree to which we perceive ourselves positively or negatively-our overall attitude towards ourselves. Can me meausred implicitly or explicitly
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self esteem
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Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'
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social comparison theory
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a comparison of the self to another who does less well than us or is inferior to us
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downward social comparison
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compare your ability to solve puzzles with a child..you will prob feel really good about yourself
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ex of downward social comparison
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a comparison of the self to another who does better than us or is superior
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upward social comparison
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if you compare your performance on the same task to a puzzle expert you might not fare so well and not feel so good about yourself
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ex of upward social comparison
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your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female
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Gender identity
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sex typed-reverse typed-androgynous-undifferentiated
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4 types of gender identification measured by the BEM
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masculine and feminine
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androgynous
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aschematic to gender stereotypes
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undifferentiated
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masculine men and feminine females
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sex typed
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masculine females and feminine men
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sex reversed
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persons who have external genitalia associated with one sex but feel like a memeber of the other sex (feels like a woman trapped in a mans body)
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transsexual
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people whos visual appearance and behavior transition from the societal norms and expectations for their assigned gender to the OTHER gender. Male to female
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transgender
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a term generally used by individuals who reject traditional gender binaries. refers to different experiences of gender
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genderqueer
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present as male and female alternately
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genderqueer ect...
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intrapersonal-acculturation-a change in the cultural behavior and thinking of a person or group of people through contact with another culture
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conceptual landscape for how race is studied-non white-intrapersonal
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reactions to prejudice , discrimination
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landscape for how race is studied-non white-interpersonal
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awareness of privilege
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conceptual landscape for how race is studied-white-intrapersonal
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motivations to not be prejudice
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conceptual landscape of how race is studied-white-interpersonal
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they argue that psychologists should study individual definitions of the category "race"
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Tate and Audettes position on how race is studied
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self perception as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual.asexual
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sexual orientation identity
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sweeping generalizations of social groups that strongly influence social thought
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stereotype
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seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. This bias can be caused by, among other things, an event that stands out as unique. For example, "The only time I forget my pencil is when we have a test" This is most likely an illusory correlation (unless the speaker is very, very, unlucky). It could be caused by only a few other pencil-less tests, which stand out particularly well in the memory.
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illusory correlation
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individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups. Outgroup percieved all the same, therefore easier to judge against them
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outgroup homogeneity
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in group members seen as more diverse. (where pretty different from eachother)
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ingroup heterogeneity
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some have found evidence or perceptions that ingroup members are all "alike" especially when differentiating ingroup from outgroup
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ingroup homogeneity effect
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participants aware of their attitude
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explicit measurement
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participants unaware of their attitudes
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implicit measurement
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negative emotional responses based on group membership
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prejudice
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negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
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discrimination
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a procedure that fools people into revealing their true attitudes. Example phony lie detector.
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Bogus pipeline
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the view that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them, The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
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contact hypothesis
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simply knowing that members of in group have formed friendships with the outgroup may reduce prejudice
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extended contact hypothesis
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old fashioned sexism , includes overt denigration and negative stereotypes of women ( women should be barefoot and pregnant)
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Hostile sexism
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modern sexism-includes overtly positive but dimunutive stereotypes of women. (women should be put on a pedestal)
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Benevolent sexism
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any form of unwanted sexual attention
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sexual harrassment
