Parts of Speech…Syntactic Growth – Flashcards
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Intrasentential Growth
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within the sentence growth—sentences become more complex w/ age
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Intrasentential Growth is Dependent on
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Topic/interest to speaker Knowledge base Genre
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Simple Sentences have
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One independent clause
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Compound sentences have
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two independent clauses (each has a subject and a verb) with or via a coordinating conjunction
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what are four types of conjunctions
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coordinate subordinate correlative adverbial
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Conjunctions
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Glue words—connectives that allow other units (words and clauses) to be put together.
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Coordinate conjunctions
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Co = Equal power/weight FANBOYS
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FANBOYS
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For And Nor But Or Yet So
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in these sentences, but and so are examples of what? Mary likes flowers but Bill can't afford roses. Mary is his true love so Bill went shopping.
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coordinate conjunction
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complex sentence
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has ONE (and only one) independent clause + subordinating conjunction to create one or more dependent clauses OR ONE (and only one) independent clause + One of the three nonfinite verb phrases (infinitive/gerund/participle)
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what type of sentence has ONE (and only one) independent clause + subordinating conjunction to create one or more dependent clauses OR ONE (and only one) independent clause + One of the three nonfinite verb phrases (infinitive/gerund/participle)
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a complex sentence
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A complex sentence has ONE ___________(and only one)clause + ____________ to create one or more _________________
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independent clause subordinating conjunction dependent clauses
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in these sentences the words since and when are examples of what? Since she had class, Bill started dinner. Mary saw the card when she came home.
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Subordinate Conjunctions
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Subordinate Conjunctions
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Sub = Unequal weight with one unit being dependent or subservient to the other more powerful (i.e., independent) unit.
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these words are all types of _______________ while where after whereas although until as though as well as that Because why Unless if
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Subordinate Conjunctions
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what is an example of a subordinate conjunction
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since my mom was at work, i babysat remmy. the word since is a subordinate conjunction
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what are three types of nonfinite verb phrases
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(infinitive/gerund/participle)
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Verbs that don't act like verbs
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Nonfinite verbs
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These verbs don't take or show person, tense, or number info to go, to run, to dance: She planned to study all night.
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Infinitives
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Infinitives
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verbs that don't take or show person, tense, or number info
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in the sentence "She planned to study all night." to study is an example of what type of nonfinite verb
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Infinitives
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to go, to run, to dance are examples of
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Infinitives
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Gerund are what type of verbs
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nonfinite
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Gerund
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These verbs behave like nouns
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These verbs behave like nouns
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Gerund
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in the sentence "Shopping is fun to do...." shopping is an example of what type of nonfinite verb
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gerund
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Participle
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These verbs behave like adjectives
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These verbs behave like adjectives
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Participle
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in the sentence, "The burnt toast was horrible!" burnt is an example of what type of nonfinite verb
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participle
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Compound-complex sentences have
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TWO independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses dependent clauses occur by Subordinate Conjunctions
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how do dependent clauses occur in compound-complex sentence types
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Subordinate Conjunctions
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what type of sentence has TWO independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses (which occur by subordinate conjunctions)
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compound-complex sentences
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across sentences—linking ideas and thoughts
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Intersentential Growth
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cohesive ties
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WHILE- Linking previous sentence tot the next. Showing there is a process to follow. Explains the start of the method. THEREBY- Links sentence from 1st part to next. It is saying the 1st part causes nodule formulation. BUT- States that after the findings, there was still other effects. MEANING- Cohesive ties are methods used by the writer to link text-phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs- in a logical manner.
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what are some examples of adverbial conjunctions
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Otherwise, however, consequently, In summary
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Adverbial conjunctions:
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Guide the reader to the desired conclusion or take away thought.
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what type of conjunctions guide the reader to the desired conclusion or take away thought.
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Adverbial conjunctions:
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in the sentence "Consequently, Mary and Bill lived happily ever after." consequently is an example of what?
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an adverbial conjunction
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Other Ways to Increase Syntactic Length and Complexity: what are three low frequency syntactic structures
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noun changes, verb chances, and conjunctions
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what are two devices in intersentential growth
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cohesion devices and lexical cohesion devices
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what are some examples of cohesion devices in intersentential growth
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Adverbial Conjuncts (Conjunctions) or cohesive ties
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what are some examples of lexical cohesion devices
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synonyms, and collocations
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Lexical Cohesion devices: what do Synonyms do
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refers back/restates but reduces redundancy and keeps interest high
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Lexical Cohesion devices: what do collocations do
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commonly associated words are used together to create "weight" and reinforce the idea or concept
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commonly associated words are used together to create "weight" and reinforce the idea or concept
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Collocations (lexical cohesion devices)
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____________ refers back/restates but reduces redundancy and keeps interest high
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Synonyms Lexical (Cohesion devices)
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what are these an example of? Boys and girls (items of equal weight or value); table/chair (functionally linked); up/down (opposites); Series—days/months;
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Collocations (commonly associated words are used together to create "weight" and reinforce the idea or concept)
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Low Frequency Syntactic Structures: three types of Nouns Changes
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appositives, elaborated subjects/noun phrases, and postmodifications
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Postmodification of subjects via ______and ______ verbs
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prepositional phrases nonfinite
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in the sentences, "They knew the Italian cyclist in the lead pack would win the race The next runner to compete would anchor the relay." the words in the lead pack and to compete are examples of ________ which are _______
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postmodifications noun changes
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Appositives
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a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it
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a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it
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Appositives (nouns)
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in these two sentences, the barber and my favorite constellation are examples of what? Jack, the barber, had cut Bobby's hair. Orion, my favorite constellation, has a well known belt of three stars."
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Appositives (nouns)
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Elaborated subjects--noun phrases The mountains _______ are beautiful! what would you add in order to make a noun phrase
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(to the east west and south)
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Elaborated subjects/noun phrases-
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add a list, or some type of information
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three types of verb changes
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modal auxiliary verbs perfect aspect passive voice
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verb changes: modal auxiliary verbs
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We should have gone shopping.
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verbs that give more information about the main verb, but can't occur as main verbs themselves, e.g. can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might/must.
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Modal auxiliary verbs
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can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might/must. are examples of what type of verb changes
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modal auxiliary verbs
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She had been studying all day. is an example of what type of verb change
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Perfect aspect
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events views retrospectively; it creates a link between two time periods, it usually suggests looking back at sthg from a later point in time
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Perfect aspect
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The house was carefully constructed by a famous builder. is an example of what type of verb change
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Passive Voice
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Expresses an action done to its subject
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Passive Voice
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in Low Frequency Syntactic Structures what do Conjunctions do
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Create growth of length/complexity within a sentences
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in Low Frequency Syntactic Structures, what are three types of Conjunctions, which Create growth of length/complexity within a sentence
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Coordinating Subjective Correlative (two part)
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Jack, the barber, had cut Bobby's hair (we can take out the barber and it still makes sense) (quick and easy way to add info about the subject) (we now know jack is a barber) gives a lot of information with little words this is an example of
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an appositive
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write a sentence with a postmodification of the subject and highlight the postmodification
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They knew the Italian cyclist in the lead pack would win the race in the lead pack
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verb changes -- modal auxillary verbs
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should have could have would have
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verb changes -- perfect aspect
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has been
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verb changes -- passive voice
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Important information at the end of the sentence
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what type of verb change is used in sports "and the ball was carried by Bill Johnson!" (need that extra time to see who the ball was being carried by)
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passive voice
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The house was carefully constructed by a famous builder. a famous builder is an example of
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passive voice
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One of the ways only that boys beat out the girls developmentally is by
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the verb change, passive voice
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How does intrasentential growth vary across speakers and ability
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intrasentential growth becomes more complex with age. it is dependent on topic interest to the speaker, their knowledge base, and the genre. Narrative has the highest level of syntactic complexity and conversation has the lowest since there is a lot of back and forth dialogue.
