AP Euro Test #2: Italian Renaissance – Flashcards

medieval scholars studied classics to understand God; humanists studied classics to learn human nature and practical skills

Roman history, Greek philosophy, and Latin grammar/rhetoric

By making them more persuasive writers/speakers

she should be well-educated and charming, however they weren't expected to seek fame like men did; they were expected to inspire poetry and art but rarely to create it

Invaded Italy with the goal of conquering Naples, however Spain's King Ferdinand soon contested the French claim to Naples

the Habsburg-Valois Wars involving all the major Italian city-states which he witnessed himself

He had a pessimistic view on human nature; a successful ruler must be ruthless and pragmatic, always remembering that the ends justify the means

They would receive commissions from the Church, guilds, and wealthy families (like Medici)

It was a symbol of wealth and would promote their fame (important with the rise of humanism)

Perspective, chiaroscuro, pyramid configuration, and classical forms and Christian subjects

to open a "window on the world" and make an illusion of realism

it blended light and shade in order to give the illusion of volume

to use 3D pyramids to create symmetrical and balanced compositions (proportion)

to revive classical standards of beauty

The first female to earn a living as an author; wrote history of famous women to refute myths about women

Isabelle d'Este; she was an art patron who proved that becoming a patron was the most socially-accepted role for a well-educated Renaissance woman

Northern humanists studied classical sources, however they sought to give humanism Christian content. They were committed to moral and institutional reform. They also wanted to combine the classical ideals of calmness and patience with the Christian virtues of piety, humility, and love. They believed that fusion would create the best code of conduct. Italian humanists, however, only studied classical texts and focused more on "now" than religion.

Allowed freedom of expression, expanded information, and challenged the power of established authorities to control divergent views

Medieval kings received money from vassals, their vassals fought for them in exchange for land, kings relied on nobles for counsel, and kings shared power with church and were often subordinate to the pope. Monarchs, however, gained incoming by taxing towns, merchants, and peasants. Monarchs had professional armies paid for by the royal treasury, monarchs created a more centralized bureaucracy relying upon educated middle-class officials, and the monarchs negotiated a relationship with the Church.

concluded 100 Years War and strengthened royal finances through taxes on salt and land. He also established the first royal army.

He encouraged more economic growth by promoting new industries such as silk-weaving

Reached an agreement with the Church that allowed the king to nominate bishops, abbots, and other officials for the Church, meaning the French monarchy had control over the Church (humanistic view)

created a special court known as the "Star Chamber" with no appeals, jury, or witnesses (to extend royal authority to local shires), and he encouraged the wool industry.

he declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England and dissolved the monasteries and took their land and wealth (humanistic movement)

made a dynastic union of two royal houses (powerful), they reduced the number of nobles in royal council, and the decreed Spain a Christian state and expelled Jews (the Inquisition) and Muslims (the Reconquista) to further this decision.