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black hole

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A black hole is a region of space with gravitational force so strong that nothing can escape from it.

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cosmologist

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A cosmologist is a scientist or astronomer who studies large scale structures and dynamics of the universe, including the origins of the universe.

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dark matter

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Dark matter is the name given to the amount of mass whose existence is deduced from the analysis of galaxy rotation curves but which until now has escaped all detection. There are many theories about dark matter, but the subject is still a mystery.

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electromagnetic radiation

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Electromagnetic radiation is energy radiated in the form of waves. It consists of electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light.

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Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: what are its 2 parts and what does it do?

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Fermi is a space telescope that consists of two parts: the Large Area Telescope, or LAT, and the Fermi Burst Monitor. The LAT has a wide field of view and can detect gamma rays. The Fermi Burst Monitor observes gamma ray bursts which are sudden, brief flashes of gamma radiation that occur about once a day.

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frequency (v)

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Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given period of time.

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frequency (v): The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is measured in ____________________ which is defined as..... The frequency of a wave is also used to _________________________.

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- hertz (Hz) - the number of waves per second. - Compare waves

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1 Hertz =

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1 wavelength/sec.

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joule (J)

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The joule is a unit of energy. One joule is the energy expended when 1 Newton of force is applied to move an object a distance of 1 meter.

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neutron star is the type of star formed when....

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A neutron star is the type of star formed when a massive star explodes as a supernova, leaving behind an ultra dense core.

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photon

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A photon is a quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy. Photons have no mass and behave like both a particle and a wave. - bundle of energy

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Planck's constant (h)

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Planck's constant is a physical constant relating the energy of a photon to its frequency. The value of this constant is approximately 6.626 x 10-34 joule·second.

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Pulsar

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A pulsar is a rotating neutron star which generates regular pulses of radiation.

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solar flares

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Solar flares are violent eruptions of gas on the sun's surface. speed of light (c) - The speed of light is the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a perfect vacuum. The speed of light is the same for all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, 3.0x108 m/s.

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wavelength

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Wavelength is the length of one wave of radiation, or the distance between two consecutive waves. Wavelength is usually measured in meters.

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Mechanical vs EM waves: Similarities

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Both types of waves transport energy in the world around us.

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Mechanical vs EM waves: Differences; Mechanical Waves

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1. Water and Sound 2. Caused by disturbance or vibration in matter 3. Travel through medium by causing the molecules to bump into each other

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Mechanical vs EM waves: Differences; Electromagnetic Waves

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1. Light 2. Travel through air, solid and vacuum of space 3. Do not require a medium. Magnetic and Electric Fields vibrating back and forth

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Electromagnetic spectrum is _______________ which is _________________.

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radiation light

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Sound does NOT = ________ all Radiation on EM = _____

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EM wave light

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atmosphere blocks =

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Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma Rays

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- Garvit comes in through ____________________. - light can be _______________ or _________________

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- radio waves - wave or particle

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The Nature of Light

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Vibrations of electric and magnetic fields

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The Nature of Light: Wave model- Particle model- Speed-

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Wave model: Wavelengths of radiation vary Particle model: Particles called photons-Shorter wavelengths correspond to more energetic photons Speed: the same for all radiation (light)- 300,000,000 meters per second (3.8 x 108) (186,000 miles) per second (To give you an idea of how fast that is, a beam of light could travel from New York to Los Angeles and back again nearly 40 times in just one second)

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Light is...

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- Light is nature's way of transferring energy through space

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1. A photon- or _____________________________ 2. Each photon energy associated with a.....

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1. bundle of energy. 2. particular wavelength of light.

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Can two wavelengths have the same energy

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No

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The shorter the wavelength the ______________the energy and the longer the wavelength the _______________the energy.

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greater lower

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; Radio Waves

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AM and FM radio; television

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; Microwaves

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radar; atomic and molecular research: aircraft navigation; microwave ovens

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; Infrared (IR) waves

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molecular vibrational spectra; infrared photography; physical therapy

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; Visible light

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visible-light photography; optical microscopy; optical astronomy

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; Ultraviolet (UV) light

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sterilization of medical instruments; identification of fluorescent minerals

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; X rays

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medical examination of bones, teeth, and vital organs; treatment for types of cancer

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications; gamma rays

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examination of thick materials for structural flaws; treatment of types of cancer, food irradiation

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Electromagnetic radiation behaves sometimes like a ________ sometimes like a ___________________________________.

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wave stream of particles

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Polarization: 1. _______________ Property 2. what is it the measurement of 3. what do sunglasses do?

answer

1. Physical 2. Measurement of the electromagnetic field's alignment 3. Think of a throwing a Frisbee at a picket fence. In one orientation it will pass through, in another it will be rejected. This is similar to how sunglasses are able to eliminate glare by absorbing the polarized portion of the light.

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Light, Electromagnetic waves, and Radiation all refer to the ___________________________________.

answer

electromagnetic energy

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Electromagnetic Spectrum: 1. ___________ range of electromagnetic radiation 2. name them (6) 3. Characterized by a range of __________________ and _____________________.

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1. full 2. Radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays and gamma rays 3. wavelengths and frequencies

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Electromagnetic Spectrum: 1. _____________ and __________________- terms of frequency (_________) 2. _____________ and ______________-terms of wavelength (___________) 3. ____________ and _______________ -terms of energy (__________________)

answer

1. Radio and Microwaves..............Hertz 2. Infrared and Visible...................meters 3. X-rays and Gamma rays..........electron volts

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Wave Characteristics: 1. Amplitude? 2. Wavelength?

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1. Amplitude - height of the wave measured from the origin to its crest- The brightness or intensity 2. Wavelength - distance between successive crests of the wave-wave travels as it completes one full cycle of upward and downward.

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Visible light has a wavelength in the range of _______ to _____ nanometers (_______ meter)

answer

400 to 750 10-9 meter

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Reflection

answer

is when incident light (incoming light) hits an object and bounces off. This reflective behavior of light is used by lasers on board NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to map the surface of the Moon.

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Absorption

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occurs when photons from incident light hit atoms and molecules and cause them to vibrate. For example, black pavement absorbs most visible and UV energy and reflects very little, while a light-colored concrete sidewalk reflects more energy than it absorbs.

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Scattering

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occurs when light bounces off an object in a variety of directions. The amount of scattering that takes place depends on the wavelength of the light and the size and structure of the object.

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Why the Sky is Blue?

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The sky appears blue because of this scattering behavior. Light at shorter wavelengths—blue and violet—is scattered by nitrogen and oxygen as it passes through the atmosphere. Longer wavelengths of light—red and yellow—transmit through the atmosphere. This scattering of light at shorter wavelengths illuminates the skies with light from the blue and violet end of the visible spectrum. Even though violet is scattered more than blue, the sky looks blue to us because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light.

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what is Diffraction? - what uses diffraction and how? - A graph of these data is called a ________________________. Patterns in a ____________________________ help scientists how?

answer

is the bending and spreading of waves around an obstacle. - A spectrometer uses diffraction (and the subsequent interference) of light from slits or gratings to separate wavelengths. - spectral signature, help identify the physical condition and composition of stellar and interstellar matter.

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eV (electron volts)

answer

amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through one volt potential

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1. Radio Station: equation

answer

93.1 megahertz= 93.1 x 106 cycles per second

question

Visible light: equation

answer

4 x 1014 s-1 to 7 x 1014 s-1

question

Spectroscopy: Most stars have a ________________ spectrum

answer

dark-line

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Continuous spectrum

answer

Blackbody emits light at all wavelengths

question

Dark-line spectrum: what is it also called?

answer

atoms in gas cloud absorb light of certain specific wavelengths, producing dark lines in spectrum. - Absorption

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Bright-line spectrum: what is it also called?

answer

atoms in gas cloud re-emit absorbed light energy at the same wavelengths at which they absorbed it. - Emission

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1. Spectral lines are produced how? 2. The ____________ of an atom is surrounded by _________ that occupy only certain orbits or energy levels 3. When an electron jumps from one energy level to another, it emits or absorbs a ___________ of appropriate energy (and hence of a specific wavelength). 4. The spectral lines of a particular element correspond to the various _____________ transitions between __________________________ in atoms of that element. 5. __________ model of the atom correctly predicts the wavelengths of hydrogen's spectral lines.

answer

1. when an electron jumps from one energy level to another within an atom 2. nucleus electrons 3. photon 4. electron energy levels 5. Bohr's

question

Incoming photon

answer

Ground state = incoming photon - atom absorbs a 656.3-nm photon;absorbed energy causes electron to jump from the n = 1 orbit up to the n = 2 orbit

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emitted photon

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Electron falls from the n = 3 orbit to the n = 2 orbit; energy lost by atom goes into emitting a 656.3-nm photon.

question

The apparent change in wavelength of radiation caused by the ____________________________ and ______________

answer

relative motions of the source AND observer

question

_______________________ determines the main type of radiation emitted

answer

Temperature

question

Visible: Near Infrared: Mid-Infrared:

answer

Visible: dark nebula, heavily obscured by interstellar dust Near Infrared: dust is nearly transparent, embedded proto-stars can be observed Mid- and far-Infrared: glow from cold dust is directly observable

question

Telescopes: Refracting

answer

lenses bring visible light to a focus-The telescope that Galileo used was a tube with two convex glass lenses inside. A telescope that uses only convex lenses is called a refracting telescope

question

Telescopes: Reflecting

answer

mirrors bring visible light to a focus-English scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). In a reflecting telescope, light from a distant object is reflected from a curved mirror into a lens. Because they can be made much larger than refractors, the reflectors can gather light more efficiently

question

Telescopes: what do Radio telescopes detect

answer

radio waves, X-Ray Telescopes etc. GARVT

question

Benefits: wavelengths: One of the most useful telescope attachments is the _________________, what is it?

answer

Benefits: have the ability to attach different detectors to telescopes to observe all. wavelengths: spectroscope, is a device that separates white light into different colors. (Each color represents a different wavelength.)

question

Radio radiation: Gathered by "_____________" called _________________________

answer

big dishes radio telescopes

question

what is a radio telescope

answer

is a special receiver that collects radio waves generated by the sun and distant stars

question

Radio Telescopes: 1. is it Small or Big? explain 2. what is it made out of? 3. does it have good or bad resolution? 4. Can be wired together into a network called a ___________________________________.

answer

1. Large because radio waves are about 100,000 times longer than visible radiation 2. Often made of a wire mesh 3. Have rather poor resolution 4. radio interferometer

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Radio Telescopes: Advantages over optical telescopes

answer

1. Less affected by weather 2. Less expensive 3. Can be used 24 hours a day 4. Detects material that does not emit visible radiation 5. Can "see" through interstellar dust clouds

question

what can Hubble Telescopes detect?

answer

Hubble can detect all the visible wavelengths of light plus many more that are invisible to human eyes, such as ultraviolet and infrared light.

question

what is a typical Hubble image made from?

answer

from a combination of black-and-white images representing different colors of light.

question

what do the Hubble telescope cameras record

answer

light from the universe with special electronic detectors

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what is the Chandra Observatory designed to observe?

answer

X-rays from high-energy regions of the universe, such as the remnants of exploded stars.

question

Chandra detects and images X-ray sources that are ____________________________________________________ away.

answer

billions of light years

question

Chandra Observatory: NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is a telescope specially designed to detect _____________________ from very ______ regions of the Universe such as _____________________, ___________________________, and __________________________________________________________. Because X-rays are absorbed by Earth's _______________________, Chandra must orbit ___________ it, up to an altitude of 139,000 km (86,500 mi) in space. As its mission progresses, Chandra will continue to discover startling new science about our ___________________________________________. (from Chandra Observatory)

answer

1. X-ray emission 2. hot 3. exploded stars 4. clusters of galaxies 5. matter around black holes 6. atmosphere 7. above 8. high-energy Universe

question

Kepler's supernova remnant:

answer

Red represents low-energy X-rays and shows material around the star -- dominated by oxygen -- that has been heated up by a blast wave from the star's explosion. The yellow color shows slightly higher energy X-rays, mostly iron formed in the supernova, while green (medium-energy X-rays) shows other elements from the exploded star. The blue color represents the highest energy X-rays and shows a shock front generated by the explosion.

question

Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)

answer

In this composite image the Chandra data is shown in purple, optical data from Hubble is shown in red, green and blue and infrared data from Spitzer is shown in red. - The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is one of the closest galaxies to the Milky Way.

question

what is the James Webb Space Telescope

answer

(sometimes called JWST) will be a large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror. The project is working to a 2018 launch date.

question

Several innovative technologies have been developed for Webb, including....

answer

a folding, segmented primary mirror, adjusted to shape after launch; ultra-lightweight beryllium optics; detectors able to record extremely weak signals, microshutters that enable programmable object selection for the spectrograph; and a cryocooler for cooling the mid-IR detectors to 7K.

question

Kepler Telescope: what is the Kepler Mission

answer

is a NASA Discovery Program for detecting potentially life-supporting planets around other stars.

question

Has the Kepler Mission found any planets if so explain.

answer

All of the extrasolar planets detected so far by other projects are giant planets, mostly the size of Jupiter and bigger. Kepler is poised to find planets 30 to 600 times less massive than Jupiter.

question

The Kepler satellite has a _______________ diameter telescope that is a ____________________ having a field of view a bit over 10 degrees square (and area of sky the size of about two open hands).

answer

0.95-meter photometer

question

what is the Kepler satellite designed to do?

answer

It is designed to continuously and simultaneously monitors brightnesses of 100,000 stars brighter than 14th magnitude in the constellations Cygnus ; Lyrae.

question

BACKGROUND TO TELESCOPES: A light ray ___________ as it enters glass and _____________ again as it leaves. Light passing through glass of a certain shape can form an ___________ that appears ___________, ___________, ____________, or ___________ than the object being viewed.

answer

bends bends image larger smaller closer farther

question

How does a lens form an image?

answer

by bending parallel rays of light that pass through it.

question

what is a lens?

answer

is a piece of glass or plastic that refracts light.

question

The incoming parallel rays _______________ to a ____________ point. A converging lens, also known as a ________________________, is _____________ in the middle, causing rays of light that are initially parallel to meet at a ____________ point

answer

- converge - single - convex lens - thicker - single

question

The principal axis of the lens is ...

answer

Is the line joining the centers of curvature of its surfaces

question

What is the focal point of a converging lens?

answer

the point at which a beam of light parallel to the principal axis converges.

question

What is the focal plane of a converging lens?

answer

a plane perpendicular to the principal axis that passes through either focal point of a lens.

question

A lens has ____ focal points and _____ focal planes.

answer

two and two

question

What happens with light rays in a refracting telescope?

answer

light rays from a distant object (such as a planet or star) are first collected by an object lens, or objective, located at the far end of the tube. The objective then bends and concentrates light rays from the distant object to a single point inside the telescope.

question

what happens to the image in an astronomical telescope?

answer

The image is inverted, which explains why maps of the moon are printed with the moon upside down.

question

In the terrestrial telescope, a _____ lens or a pair of reflecting prisms is used which produces an image that is right side up.

answer

A third lens.

question

In a reflecting telescope, light rays from a star are ...

answer

collected by one or more curved, or concave, mirrors.

question

what are two main kinds of reflecting telescopes?

answer

single mirror and multiple mirror reflectors.

question

Describe a single mirror reflector.

answer

In a single-mirror reflector, a large concave mirror is located at the far end of the telescope tube. The mirror is curved so that all incoming light rays are reflected toward a single focal point. A flat, smaller mirror inside the telescope then reflects the converging light rays to an eyepiece lens, which magnifies the image .

question

In a multiple mirror reflector, several smaller concave mirrors are arranged ...

answer

In a ring. An image is formed when the light rays from each of the mirrors are combined and focused on a single focal point.

question

Multiple mirror reflectors are easier to build because ...

answer

It's simpler and less expensive to build a large curved mirror then to make a convex mirror from large piece of glass.

Earth Science Honors: Ch. 9 Light and Observations Astronomy – Flashcards

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