General Astronomy Final-HSU – Flashcards
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Closest to most distant: Cepheid variables, galaxy cluster, comet distance, background radiation, edge milky way, Andromeda, Jupiter, mars, moon, parallax, pulsars, radar distances, sun, white dwarfs, spectroscopic parallax
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moon, mars, Radar Range, sun, Jupiter, comets, white dwarfs, parallax, spectral parallax, edge of MW, PUlsars/Andromeda, Cepheid variables, galaxy cluster, background radiation
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parallax
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Method for objects distance
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AU
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distance from Earth to Sun
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Temp an Object measures
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how much radiation object emits
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Proposed heliocentric model
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Copernicus
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Doppler effect causes objects moving toward observer to be
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Blueshifted
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Why do the stars appear to move across the sky pver the period of one night (Earth daily motion)
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Diurnal motion
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Smallest to largest
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Diameter of Earth, Distance from earth to moon, earth to sun, distance light travels in one year
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Current model of universe
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Keplerian Heliocentric
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NOT part of electromagnetic spectrum
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Sound waves
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used Brahes data on mars to develop 3 laws of planetary motion
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Johannes Kepler
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NOt true about radiation
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radiation requires material to travel through
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sun at northern most point
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Summer solistice
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not keplers law
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Objects are attracted to one another with a gravitational force that is proportional to the objects masses and inversely proportional to their separation distances
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Apparent retrograde motion of planets through the sky over the course of several nights
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Earth passes planets in their orbits making planets appear to move backwards
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Longest wavelength
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Red
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If earth was not tilted the seasons would be
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temp hottest at equator and drop off as you approach poles; nearly constant all year
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Largest to smallest
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Universe, Local group, MW, Solar system
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Planets that lie outside the Earths Orbit
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Superior planets
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Constellations
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Groups of stars making an apparent pattern in the celestial sphere
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Places where the sun crosses the equator
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equinoxes
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year
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time it takes the earth to complete one orbit around the sun
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Polaris will not always be the pole star because
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Precessions shifting the celestial pole
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Wiens Law
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How the peak wavelength relates to temperatures in a blackbody curve
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Do magnetics fields exert forces on moving electric charges
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yes
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Period of wave
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time takes for wave to repeat itself
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Declination values
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90 - -90
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Right Ascension values
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0 to 24 hours
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Earths seasons
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from the tilt
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laws motion; law of gravity; calculus
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Isaac Newton
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extent to which radiation s blocked by material through which it passes
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opacity
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Order of moon sun and earth during lunar eclipse
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Sun Earth Moon SEM
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Why do we not observe a lunar eclipse every full moon
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bc moons orbit is not on the same plane as the orbit of the earth around the sun
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most accurate attempt to explain planetary motion was the model of
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Ptolemy
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Ptolemy and Copernicus agreed that
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all orbits are perfect circles
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lights dual nature
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wave and particles
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Geocentric means
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earth centered
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when object is close how does its parallax compare to that of a distant object
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Parallax Is larger; closer
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Aristotles hypothesis
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only a spherical earth would always cast a circular shadow on the moon
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two Electromagnectic spectras that penetrate the atmosphere
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Visible light and radio waves
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temperature scale that places 0 at the point where all atomic and molecular motion ceases
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Kelvins
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Test 2: not true of jovian planets
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solid surfaces that rotate at same speed
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smallest to largest jovian planets
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Uranus/Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter
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LARGEST PLANET
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Jupiter
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most extensive rings
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saturn
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axis of rotation lies nearly in its plane of orbit
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uranus
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E-W wind flow pattern on jovian planets
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zonal flow
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theory that explains the band of colors observed in juptiers atmosphere
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complex chem rctns occur at different heights in the atmosphere so each color represents a diff height in atmosphere
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neptunes blue
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methane
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Not true of saturns ring system
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rings have thickness on order of hundreds of meters
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storm on Saturn
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dragon
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why we see less He on Saturn atmosphere than jupiters
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He precipitation He condensed;sunk
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two planets near same size and mass
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Neptune and Uranus
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Jupiter and Saturn have this more commonly in atmosphere than Uranus and neptune
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ammonia
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magnetosphere
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magnetosphere
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two jovian planets that are not symmetric through the center of the planet
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Uranus and Neptune
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largest object in Kuiper belt
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eris
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Not a requirement for a body to be a planet
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has moons orbiting it
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Not part of comet
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particle tail
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coma of comet
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is halo of dust and gas around nucleus
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large cloud of comets beyond pluto
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oort cloud
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terrestrial planets with Oxygen
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Earth mars
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planet has highest mass
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Saturn
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nearest to sun to furthest from sun
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mercury, venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus neptune
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NOT property of terrestrial planets
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high mass
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Asteriod belt
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between mars and Jupiter
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SS has 8 major bodies called planets and thousands of smaller bodies
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yes
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Earths layer unique to earth
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hydrosphere
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Differentiated
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Fe and Ni core is denser than silicate mantle crust
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CORE
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CORE
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From earth, both mercury and the moon appear to ____ as the sun lights a portion of their surface
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go through phases
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Venus is almost same size mass and density of earth
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yes
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Result of a runaway greenhouse effect on the surface environment of vensu
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raised surface temp to hundreds degree celsius
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Mars from earth appears to go through phases
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NOOOO mars is not within earths orbit
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Smallet to largest mars venus mercury
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Mercury venus mars
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SS Dense
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SS DEnse
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Kuiper belt is a collection of asteroid sized icy bodies orbiting the sun beyond neptunes orbit
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yes
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Kuiper belt
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beyond orbit of Neptune
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Unusual about plutos orbit
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more inclined to the eliptic than other planets
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All jovian planets have rings
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yes, The universe liked them so the universe put a ring on it
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Earth is the only terrestrial planet with a moon
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FALSE
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green tint
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++O
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group stars; same parent cloud; same region
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star cluster
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Reddening is result of light massing through ____ interstellar medium
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Dust
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Stars surface temperature
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from black body curve
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hydrostatic equilibrium
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outward pressure from gas balances inward press of gravity
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Brightness observed from earth
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apparent brightness/magnitude
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More mass
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shorter life
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know apparent brightness and distance to star
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luminosity
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white dwarfs hard to observe because
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low luminosity
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stars in star cluster have all incommon except
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mass
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obj more mass than sun size of city
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neutron
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progenitor to a type II supernova
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red giant just starting to make Si in core
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Fe cannot support a star because
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Fe cannot fuse with other nuclei to produce energy
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HR Diagram
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14, 15, 16, 17
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What forces a star like sun off main sequence
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He build up in core; H burn shell expands
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inward gravity balance by outward pressure
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HYdrostatic Equillibrium
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Star clusters good labs
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same age, composition, distance away
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characterstic of main sequence star
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rate nuclear energy generated in core=rate radiated from surface
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force keep main sequence stars from blowing apart
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gravity
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overall dimming of starlight by interstellar matter
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Extinction
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most important characteristic for determing stellar evolution
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mass
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HR plots ______ against temp or spectral type
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Luminosity abos mag
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stars color index
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temperature
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A and B app. mag is 4 (A absol mag is 1; B absol mag is 7) which statement below is correct
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A Is brighter than B smaller absol mag more bright
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proper motion
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radial velocity and distance
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absol mag of star is its brightness viewed from distance of
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10 parsec
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hottest to coolest spectral type
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OBAFGKM
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HR sun lies
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MIddle main sequence
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Uses width of absorption lines
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Spectral parallax
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Polarization of light passing through dust grains show
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1. they are aligned by weak interstellar B field 2. they are elongated in shape
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due to absorption of shorter wavelengths distant stars appear
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red
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Reflection nebulae vs emission nebulae
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Reflection nebulae scatter blue emission nebulae emit red
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birth of star
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H to He
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most important for temperature, density, radius, luminosity, evolution of protostar
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Mass
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most stars life is
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main sequence
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planetary nebulae
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ejection envelope (often bipolar) of red giant surrounding a stellar core remnant
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Produces Type I supernovae
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mass transfer to white dwarf pushing it over 1.4 Solar masses
