HBIO 200 Midterm 1 – Flashcards
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biological anthropology
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human evolutionary biology
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cultural anthropology
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study of how humans live
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primatology
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biology and behavior of living non-human primates
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paleoanthropology
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study of fossil record of humanity
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human biology
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study of genetics and human adaptations
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Scopes Monkey Trial
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Judge ruled in favor of separation of church and state- evolution taught in schools
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self-correcting
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Evidence and experimentation can change thinking
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falsifiability
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Ability to prove a scientific hypothesis wrong. Allows ability to self-correct earlier mistakes
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Plato
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"Experimental science is a base mechanical endeavor." Favored pure math and logic
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James Ussher
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calculated the date of the creation of Earth using the Old Testament of the Bible. Moment of creation= Oct 10, 4004 BC
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Created the most comprehensive classification of the plants and animals (taxonomy). Creation of plants and animals happened 6000 years ago
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Comte de Buffon
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mutability of species- animals that migrate to new climates often change in response to new environments; animals change over time
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Georges Cuvier
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catastrophism- cataclysmic disasters wiped out earlier forms of life and leads to change; immutability- animals cannot change
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Jean-Baptise Lamarck
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Theory of inheritance of acquire characteristics- changes that occur during a lifetime of an individual through use or disuse are passed down to next generation; recognized relationship between organism and environment
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James Hutton
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uniformitarianism- geological processes that drive the natural world today also happened in the past
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Charles Lyell
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Principles of Geology- earth's history could be understood only in the context of deep, ancient changes in geology. Slow, gradual change was the way of the physical world; increasingly primitive forms of life in older and older rock sediments
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Thomas Malthus
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Limited resources of environment place pressure on populations through food and resources. Struggle for existence for resources.
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Galapagos
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New volcanic islands possessing on a few species. Each of the islands has its own variance of animals- each has own species of finch.
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adaptive radiation
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many species radiating out from a common ancestor and adapting to their environment (used by Darwin to explain finches in Galapagos)
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Biogeography
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distribution of animals and plants on the earth
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Artificial selection
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Domesticating cows who produce the most milk to produce offspring that produce even more milk
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Came up with own version of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Co-founder of evolutionary thought
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Origin of Species
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Darwin's book citing theory of evolution- written for general public, not just scientists.
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Natural selection
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differential reproductive success (or fitness) among individuals in a population from one generation to the next; filtering process in which unfavorable traits lost to favorable traits
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fitness
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biological measure of reproductive success
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evolution
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a change in gene frequency in a population over multiple generations
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population
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breeding group within one species
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homologous structures
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similarity of traits from shared ancestry
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vestigial structures
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structures no longer used that are leftovers from ancestors
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Darwin's 3 Observations and 2 Deductions
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Observation1-All organisms have the capacity for tremendous population growth (could outgrow food supply) Observation 2- When we look at the natural world, we see that animal populations remain more or less constant (stable) from one generation to the next Observation 3- Nature is full of variation. No two organisms from the same parents are exactly alike Deduction 1- Struggle for existence based on resources (natural selection) Deduction 2- some variation between individuals must be favorable and others unfavorable
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Prerequisites for natural selection (3)
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1- Inheritable traits 2- Genetic variability among trait 3- Environmental pressure (filter) favoring one trait (or variation) over another
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Creationism
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belief that a single supernatural force created the world 14 billion years ago
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Young Earth Creationists
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Believe that the Earth was created 6,000 years ago in its present form; people were created in exact form as today
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Scientific Creationists
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Negative science; attempt to refute evidence of evolution without proving anything
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Intelligent Design
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Natural selection cannot account for diversity and complexity of form and function seen in nature; some supernatural force must have guided evolution
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ID figureheads
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Phillip Johnson and Michael Behe
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Kitzmieller et al v. Dover Area School District
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Scientific evidence in trial proved that ID does not belong in a classroom
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genotype
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genetic composition of an organism
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phenotype
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genotype + environmentally induced changes= organism's appearance; natural selection only works on phenotype
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adaptation
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Any traits that confers enhanced fitness on an organism; takes multiple generations
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DNA Replication
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Hydrogen bonds break unzipping DNA double helix; single DNA strand leaves nucleus; two identical copies are made on separate template strands
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founded structure of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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transcription
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first step of protein synthesis; DNA molecules unzips and serves as template to make complementary mRNA strand; inside of nucleus
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translation
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second step of protein synthesis; mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm; tRNA carries amino acids based off complementary anticodons to create polypeptide chain
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introns vs exons
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exons- translated into a protein; introns- get spliced out
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Mitosis
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cell division (replication) where two identical, diploid, somatic, daughter cells are created from one diploid mother cell
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Meiosis
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4 haploid cells are created from one diploid mother cell; recombination and crossing over occurs
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karyotype
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shows all the chromosomes in a single somatic cell
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human karyotype
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46
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chimp and gorilla karyotype
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48
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mtDNA
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small loop of DNA found in mitochondria; clonal and maternally inherited; useful for finding evolutionary patterns between species or within a population
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Mendel's law of segregation
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two alleles of a gene segregated independently of one another
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Mendel's law of independent assortment
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genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another
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point mutation
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single base pair mutation that has no larger effect
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insertion/deletion mutation
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affects several bases in a sequence and usually contributes to genetic disorder
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reproductive potential
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higher in males; unlimited amount of sperm
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potential variance
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range in amount of offspring produced; higher in males
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directional selection
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natural selection driving evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait
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stabilizing selection
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selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it (birth weight)
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sexual selection
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causes males and females to evolve different body sizes, shapes and features
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sexual dimporphism
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correlation between sexual preferences and different body types for males and females
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gene flow
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movement of genes from one place to another (introduction or stopping of genes between different species); migration
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interbreeding
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mating between close relatives; limited amounts of gene flow
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genetic drift
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random changes in gene frequency in a population; greatest impact in small populations
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founder effect
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component of genetic drift in which small subset of pollution becomes isolated from parent pool; founding population now has small gene pool and size
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genetic bottleneck
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component of genetic drift (form of founder effect) when a large, genetically diverse population undergoes a rapid reduction in size and then increases again
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analogous
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having similar traits due to similar use, not shared ancestry
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species
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a naturally occurring breeding population that is redproductively isolated, either actually or potentially, from other such groups
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Ernst Mayr
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founded biological species concept
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biological species concept
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species are interbreeding population reproductively isolated from other such populations
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allopatric speciation
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speciation occurring via geographic isolation
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sympatric speciation
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speciation occurring in the same population and same place
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cline
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small incremental variation in a trait over a wide geographic area (gradients)
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seasonal pre mating isolation
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different breeding seasons
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temporal isolation
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breed during different times of day
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habitat isolation
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occupy different habitats (tree limbs vs ground)
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behavioral/courtship isolation
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courtship does not elicit mating response
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copulatory failure
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cannot successfully mate due to anatomical differences
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sperm-egg incompatibility
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sperm is unable to penetrate or fertilize egg
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zygote inviability
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egg is fertilized but dies at early stage of development
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fetal death
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zygote forms but fetus dies before death
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offspring inviability
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Offspring dies after birth
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offspring sterility
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offspring is healthy but reproductively sterile
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reproductive isolating mechanisms
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any factor- behavioral, ecological, or anatomical- that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing
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gradualism
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slow, incremental evolutionary changes
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punctuated equilibrium
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model of evolution characterized by rapid bursts of change, followed by long period of stasis; explains gaps in fossil record
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microevolution
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small scale change through time, particularly within a species or population, such as why one variant of a trait becomes more frequent than another due to selection.
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macroevolution
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large scale change, such as the differences between species or how and why new species are formed.
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adaptionism
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every aspect of an organism is the product of natural selection or sexual selection
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holism
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many apparent adaptations are merely the by-product of other evolutionary changes; many changes did not evolve for a purpose
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reductionism
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organism is the sum of many evolved parts and that organisms can be best understood through an adaptionism approach
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group selection
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animals act for the good of their social group or their species
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individual selection
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Animals do not behave for the good of the groups of the species; apparent altruism is really just the byproduct of selfish behavior
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sociobiology
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Biology of social behavior; Apparent altruism is really just the byproduct of selfish behavior
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kin selection
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animals behave preferentially toward their genetic kin
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inclusive fitness
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reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin; social animals will behave less competitively toward close kin because of shared genes
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coefficient of relatedness
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closer the degree of kinship, the more likely altruistic behavior comes
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Strepsirhine characteristics (5)
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Highly evolved olfactory system, less socially complex, mostly nocturnal, tooth comb, claws and nails
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Strepsirhine subfamilies
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Lemeroidea and Lorisoidea
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Lemeroidea
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found in Madagascar; good example of adaptive radiation; diverse due to lack of predators;
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Indri and sifaka
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Lemurs- largest living promisians. Indri- monogamous, loud haunting call
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aye-aye
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lemur- nocturnal and solitary
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Lorisidae
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diverse group of strepsirhines in tropical Africa and Asia
